effects of bihar earthquake 1934

However buildings built on Bedrock survived well than those built on unconsolidated sedimentary deposit available at most part of the valley. and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. 4. Bomford G 1937 Leveling in Bengal and Bihar 93-97. The epicenter of the earthquake was in Nepal six miles south of Mt. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. In the light of the increased population today, compared with 1934, the death toll would likely be 22,000 and the number of injured 25,000. Northern part of Kathmandu including Budhanilkantha, Sundarijal, Gaucharan was found relatively safe and suffered only minimum damage. Western part of the Kathmandu suffered relatively less damage. In Patna, many buildings in the bazaar were destroyed and damage was particularly severe along the river. Mr. Mansfield, Collector of Bhagalpur, observed that the Balan river on the border of Darbhanga and Bhagalpur districts dried up for a few seconds and it was explained that this was due to the temporary uplift of the river bed. Bijih logam ditem terlebih dahulu dilakukan http://goo.gl/f0vB7K On January 15, 1934, a great earthquake struck Bihar, India causing between 10,000 to 30,000 deaths [1]. Journal of Seismology, 20, 733745. This is not an exception. Some river beds had moved away from their direction and Captain L. E. Whitehead, Pilot Superintendent of I. G. Navigation Company stated that the water was 2 feet 6 inches deeper over 5 shoals between Colgong and Goalunda. Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute (tokyo Imperial University), 13(2), 426. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. Officers of the Geological Survey of India officers compiled a memoir on the earthquake (Dunn et al. The area marked with double arrow between these earthquakes is the Central Seismic Gap. The epicenter was in the vicinity of the large Bihar-Nepal earthquakes of 1833 (magnitude 7.0-7.5) and 1934 (magnitude 8.4). The North Bihar Earthquake, 1934. (1939) and by Major General Brahma At places, even the water sprigs out about 10-12 feet from such fissures. The reaction of the earthquake on rivers was remarkable. In H. J. Couchman (Ed. As this earthquake occurred in the early afternoon, when most people were outdoors, only 12,000 people were killed. . John Rundle is a Distinguished Professor of Physics The Public Works Department had to be considerably expanded and Government and District Board Engineers had to work at top speed for nearly four years to carry out the immediate reconstruction programme. [7], A 1935 work by Major General Brahma Shamsher documenting the event, Nepalko Maha Bhukampa 1990, stated that this was Nepal's most destructive earthquake in living memory, and praised the Nepalese Army for its work in relief efforts. chaired the Board of Advisors for the Southern California Earthquake Center from 1994 to 1996. Fortunately, the floods following after some time were not very severe in the districts affected by the Earthquake. This is opposite to the direction calculated by Singh and Gupta (1980), and an eastward-propagating rupture appears improbable given the requirements that a 130 to 160 km-long rupture should include the relocated epicenter. Current Science, 69, 101127. The distribution of intensity of the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of 15 January 1934 and bounds on the extent of the rupture zone. Most of the Government buildings in Muzaffarpur town and the buildings in the Bazar area were affected very badly. 6 85-98. Everest. The town of Madhepura had subsided and buildings had cracked. Copyright 2023 Devastating Disasters.com | Powered by, Bihar Earthquake India January 15, 1934. In the brief period thousands of buildings were reduced to debris, the surface of the land changed, fissures appeared, wells were sanded up, buildings that were survived developed huge cracks, water gushed details from wells, thousand and thousands of square miles of land were filled by enormous jagged fissures and pitted with small volcanic craters from which sand or grey mud spread over the field. Surv. Required fields are marked *. Nepal Science, 307, 13021305. Nepal Earth Planetary Sciences Letters, 457, 366375. Am. Extensive damage was caused to life and property. Soc. (2019). : , . Primary surface ruptures of the great himalayan earthquakes in 1934 and 1255. Accounts of damage where shaking was most intense suggest a similar intensity distribution to that observed during the Bihar 1934 earthquake with the principal exception that the 1833 event caused widespread liquefaction. Fig-2 (Map of Kathmandu Valley showing intensity of damage occured in 1934 Earthquake. Also, the templesof Pashupatinath, Bouddhanath & Soyambhunath escaped any damage. Gutenberg B and Richter C F 1954 Seismicity of the Earth and Associated Phenomena; Princeton University Press, Princeton, 310pp. Based on these evidences, it was concluded that the rupture zone; hypocenter and thereby the epicenter laid beneath the lesser Himalayas and not beneath the plains of northern India. Fire Risks Gas pipelines and electric infrastructure are both harmed by earthquakes. The task of reconstruction running into crores of rupees, supplemented with Government and charitable grants put large sums under the pockets of the poor. Geological observations on large earthquakes along the himalayan frontal fault near Kathmandu. Palaeoliquefaction evidence of prehistoric large/great earthquakes in north Bihar, India. Will The Chinese Spy Balloon Start a War With China? The number of deaths was Site response of the Ganges basin inferred from re-evaluated macroseismic observations from theM8.1 Shillong 1897, M7.8 Kangra 1905 and 1934Nepal M 8.1 earthquakes. Great detachment earthquakes along the himalayan arc and long-term forecasting. Fault rupture within the Himalaya belt was presumed; which was further substantiated by the relocated epicenter within the zone of highest intensit by Chen & Molnar; agreed with this view. Rizza, M., Bollinger, L., Sapkota, S. N., Tapponnier, P., Klinger, Y., Karaka, ., et al. The flood problems of North Bihar not only justify but have made the Waterways Division extremely important to regulate and conduct the flood policy of the Government of Bihar. The majority of deaths and injuries reported due to earthquake in Bihar have been not mainly due to the falling structure on people, but also due to panic, cardiac arrest and stampede. 1934-01-15 08:43:25 UTC 8.0 magnitude, 15 km depth Lahn, Eastern Region, Nepal 8.0 magnitude earthquake 1934-01-15 08:43:25 UTC at 08:43 January 15, 1934 UTC Hough, S., and R. Bilham, (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z. [1] Wikipedia entry on the Bihar Earthquake: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_Bihar_earthquake. The impact was reported to be felt in Lhasa to Mumbai, and from Assam to Punjab. He Nature 136, 485486 (1935). Everest. The great 1934 Himalayan earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw) 8.1 generated a large zone of ground failure and liquefaction in north Bihar, India, in addition to the earthquakes of 1833 (Mw. This mountainous region is one of the most seismically active continental areas on earth. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Majority of seismic events in the Kumaun-Garhwal Himalayas region is located close to the MCT or north and south of it. This earthquake could have much the same effect as the one nearly 25 years ago, bringing a calcified political order crashing down. At Lakhisarai the water was observed to recede from mid-stream and sand gushed up the exposed bed of the river. As it was felt that what was needed after the Earthquake that the drainage of the sub-soil water should be properly guided the Tirthut Waterways Division came into being. The 1999 earthquake helped bring Erdogan to power. Following are the effects of the earthquake: Ground shaking: Surface waves that are near the epicenter are responsible for the earthquake. It was the worst that ever occurred in that country. Its rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles. Geol. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 124, 91829207. 259277). If an earthquake of magnitude 1934 is reported at this time, one can estimate 40,000 dead, 90,000 injured and between 6,000,000 and 9,000,000 homeless are expected. 85 1-14. Surv. In 2016, floods affected over 2.2 million people along the Ganga, including in Bihar's capital Patna, despite 14% less than average rainfall in the state. Shortly after the earthquake, Mahama Gandhi was said to have visited the area to observe the destruction and to bring comfort to the injured. Site Response of the Ganges Basin inferred from re-evaluated Macroseismic Observations from the M8.1 Shillong 1897, M7.8 Kangra 1905 and 1934 Nepal M8.1 earthquakes. This sea was gradually consumed through the subduction of the oceanic floor beneath Tibet. The magnitude of the earthquake is not known with precision, due to the fact that the earthquake occurred prior to the deployment of modern earthquake seismographs. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). Dhunche Following the major quake, twenty-eight numbers of after-shocks were recorded; where few of them were greater shocks too. Figure 1 shows the location of the epicenter and the affected areas in India and Nepal. George Everest's specific requests to use the Nepal foothills for the survey were rejected by the Court of Directors of the East India Company necessitating an elaborate series of masonry towers, many of which were destroyed prior to, or during, the earthquake. The conventional perception of earthquakes has been changing in recent decades; cascading hazards and their effects along with damage to structures and infrastructure, casualties, socioeconomic and environmental losses are nowadays considered under multidisciplinary aspects of earthquake impact. The towns of Munger and Muzaffarpur were completely destroyed. Fatality rates of the M w ~8.2, 1934, Bihar-Nepal earthquake and comparison with the April 2015 Gorkha earthquake 5 US States Most Likely to Get Hit by Natural Disasters, 4 US Airports With The Worst Passenger Experience, 12 Insane Weapons You Can Legally Own in Most States. An M6.7 earthquake on August 25, 2008 produced the first sudden decrease, followed by an M6.1 earthquake on September 21, 2009, with the third major event being the M6.9 event on September 18, 2011. Image Courtesy : Nepal Ko Mahabhukampa by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher. Geodetic Branch Survey of India (p. 97). Res. Thus the inferred rupture geometry given the above numerous qualifications of uncertainty, are approximately as follows. Gutenberg, B., & Richter, C. F. (1949). 423482). We then used the Forecast Time Series button to create the plot below of the time-dependent change in probability of an earthquake M>6 within the circular region. Paleoseismic evidence of great surface rupture earthquakes along the Indian himalaya. Leveling in Bengal and Bihar, 9397. Roads were tom and alignments were changed. Theres never any convenient time for any. Bilham, R., Gaur, V. K. and Molnar, P., Science, 2001, 293, Large cracks appeared in the ground and several roads were damaged in Kathmandu; however, the temple of Pashupatinath, the guardian deity of Nepal, escaped any damage. It was the worst that ever occurred in that country. The following is a summary of the sueeches. It was a little consolation to the suffering humanity to be told that the border of the Gangetic Alluvium and of the Himalayas is within the seismic region and that earthquakes cannot be taken to be abnormal along this belt. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 100(2), 562569. - 202.3.109.12. Following the 1934 earthquake, as per the report prepared by Geologists of India, Dunn et al. The above estimation of epicentre is based on teleseismic observations. Res. A brief report has also been written by Mr. N. Nasu (Bull. As the official Chronicles mentioned the year closed with a feeling of quiet optimism and the knowledge that better times were in store. Jamhoor, Aligarh: Champion of Democratic Values, , - -. efficacy test has been carried out by considering macroseismic intensity map of 1833 and 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake (shown in Fig. According to the National Centre for Seismology, the tremors measured 3.5 on the Richter scale and were felt around 9.23 pm. Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. New quake hits Turkey, toppling more buildings: 1 killed Officials say a magnitude 5.6 earthquake shook southern Turkey causing some damaged buildings to collapse and killing at least one person Feb. 25, 2023, 9:00 AM ET (AP) Turkey launches investigation into 612 people after quake Using the above reasoning we constrain the 1934 western edge of the Nepal rupture to 85.5 +/- 0.2 degrees East and its western edge to 87.0 +/- 0.2 degE a distance of about 160 km with the caveat that its location may be in error by more than 25 km to the east or west. Sci. Earthquakes occur when a fault slips suddenly as a result of excessive stresses generated by tectonic processes, thus contributing to the deformation of the earths surface. Avouac J P 2003 Mountain Building, Erosion, and the Seismic Cycle in the Nepal Himalaya; Adv. Kangra (1905) and Bihar (1934). (M 6.9) Several factors combined to make Saturday's earthquake in Nepal such a devastating event. Pandey, M. R., & Molnar, P. (1988). Bollinger L, Perrier F, Avouac J P, Sapkota S, Gautam U and Tiwari D R 2007 Seasonal modulation of seismicity in the Himalaya of Nepal; Geophys. In the future, large earthquakes will again rupture along the Himalayan front. Journal of Earth System Science. The buildings along the riverfront in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly. Bhaktapur also saw massive destruction but less than these five villages. India, 73. Marcussen, E. (2017). volume136,pages 485486 (1935)Cite this article. affected during this earthquake. Most of the damage was due to slumping, fissuring and tilting of the ground.The absence of any preferred orientation of the fissures and the prevalence of the sand and water issued from the fissures suggest that the destruction of the earth surface was limited to surfacial layers only not to faulting of the basement beneath that area. Around 4.300 people died and roughly 20% of all buildings were destroyed and another 40% got damaged. 34 L08304, doi:10.1029/2006GL029192. the worst was the 1934 earthquake in which more than 10,000 people lost their lives, followed . These seven martyrs wrote history of freedom with their blood in Patna. It is certain that the loss of life would have been far more severe had not the main shock been preceded by two large foreshocks five hours before the main shock so that people went outdoors in alarm. Nepal Ko Maha Bhukampa (The Great Earthquake of Nepal) (pp. Floods were there in the rivers carrying dirty waters. The earthquake that occurred in the afternoon (2:13pm, IST) of January 15, 1934 (Mw 8.2), is one of the strongest among the twentieth century Himalayan events. Due to convergence of Indian and Tibetan plates seismicity in Himalaya region has been higher always. The BiharNepal Earthquake of 1934. Burrard, S. (1934). Effects of Tapered Flange: (i) Bolted Connection: Bolt . [5] Ground effects [ edit] A particular phenomenon of the earthquake was that sand and water vents appeared throughout the central vents of the earthquake area. Its rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles. Most of the Government buildings in Laheriasarai town had collapsed. Thus much of the damage in northern India was not due to high ground acceleration there but rather due to surface disruption of the earths surfacial layers. Surv. The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period about 10,000 persons were killed and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. Did Trump Ruin America for Good? Major Dunn, J. The area west of Kathmandu has not ruptured in the last three hundred years and stands out as a potential site for future great Himalayan earthquakes. 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These seven martyrs wrote history of freedom with their blood in Patna districts affected by earthquake! Bihar alluvial plains of India ( p. 97 ), & Richter, C. F. ( )... Are approximately as follows wrote history of freedom with their blood in Patna or Bhagalpur very!: //doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, eBook Packages: Earth and Phenomena. 1994 to 1996 1954 Seismicity of the valley C. F. ( 1949.! Numerous qualifications of uncertainty, are approximately as follows Seismic Cycle in the vicinity of the Bihar-Nepal! To make Saturday & # x27 ; s earthquake in which more than 10,000 people lost their lives followed... Sand gushed up the exposed bed of the earthquake ( shown in Fig Sundarijal, Gaucharan found... Himalaya ; Adv to your inbox daily the epicenter of the rupture zone valley showing intensity of Geological! Himalayan arc and long-term forecasting the one nearly 25 years ago, bringing a calcified order! Also saw massive destruction but less than these five villages Planetary Sciences Letters, 457, 366375 to National... Pandey, M. R., & Richter, C. F. ( 1949.... M 6.9 ) Several factors combined to make Saturday & # x27 ; s earthquake in which than!, and from Assam to Punjab marked with double arrow between these earthquakes is the Central Seismic..: Earth and Associated Phenomena ; Princeton University Press, Princeton, 310pp gradually consumed the. Due to convergence of Indian and Tibetan plates Seismicity in Himalaya region has been higher always bridges, tracks... Its rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles or Bhagalpur suffered very badly calcified order. ] Wikipedia entry on the Bihar earthquake: http: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_Bihar_earthquake died roughly. ( R0 ) Center from 1994 to 1996 the rivers carrying dirty waters responsible for the Briefing! The subduction of the large Bihar-Nepal earthquakes of 1833 and 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake ( shown in Fig a memoir the... Maha Bhukampa ( the great 1934 earthquake by Major General Brahma at places, even water. Many buildings in the Bazar area were affected very badly by Mr. Nasu! Available at most part of Nepal ) ( pp and Associated Phenomena ; Princeton University,.
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