[122][19][111][116] Within hours, Tehran broke out into a full-scale riot. [177], Some argue that this politicization and mobilization of women made it difficult for the new regime to push them out of the public and political spheres. The 1979 revolution, which brought together Iranians across many different social groups, has its roots in Irans long history. [101][116][132][133], As the situation on the streets spiraled out of control, many well known and reputable figures within the country began to approach the Shah, begging him to stop the chaos. "[211], Khomeini (and the assembly) now rejected the constitution its correctness notwithstanding and Khomeini declared that the new government should be based "100% on Islam."[212]. So an official shouldnt try to change what the religion says because he wants to give women more rights then what they are allowed. Good article, but the information on the Shahs is more than a little biased. In the year 1987, there was the creation of the Social and Cultural Council of Women. Pahlavi maintained a close relationship with the U.S. government, as both regimes shared opposition to the expansion of the Soviet Union, Iran's powerful northern neighbor. Learn More Women In Iran Learn about women in Iran before and after 1979 Learn More Iranian Culture [231][229][233], In mid-August 1979, shortly after the election of the constitution-writing assembly, several dozen newspapers and magazines opposing Khomeini's idea of theocratic rule by jurists were shut down. Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Background and causes of the Iranian Revolution, invasion of allied British and Soviet troops, nationalization of the Iranian oil industry, Ruhollah Khomeini's return to Iran Exile, 2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire, Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini, Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam, Liberal and reform movements within Islam, March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum, 1979 Iranian Constitutional Convention election, December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum, Muslim Student Followers of the Imam's Line, anti-Israeli Islamist militant groups since, The policy of exporting the Islamic Revolution, Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq, International Women's Day Protests in Tehran, 1979, List of modern conflicts in the Middle East, Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)#Importance of Islamic Government, Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas, Hokumat-e Islami: Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)#Why Islamic Government has not been established, "IRAN ii. [48] The boycotts and protests against it were widespread and extensive as result of Mirza Hasan Shirazi's fatwa (judicial decree). The Shah increasingly felt that he was losing control of the situation and hoped to regain it through complete appeasement. Furthermore, women later responded to Khomeini's urgings to vote in favor of the Islamic Republic and the new constitution. [308], Women especially those from traditional backgrounds participated on a large scale in demonstrations leading up to the revolution. The Cultural Council has 41 members,[28][citation needed] most of whom hold other government posts as well. Hussein was confident that with Iraq's armed forces being well-equipped with new technology and with high morale would enjoy a decisive strategic advantage against an Iranian military that had recently had much of its command officers purged following the Revolution. [325] Data on GNI per capita in PPP terms is only available since 1990 globally. Ten days later, on February 11, Irans armed forces declared their neutrality, effectively ousting the shahs regime. Removal of Shah's statue by the people in University of Tehran. The council took its legitimacy from the 9 December 1984 decree of the founder of the Islamic Republic."[2]. They presented their arguments by rendering lectures in 1960 and 1963 in Tehran. IRANIAN HISTORY (2) Islamic period (page 6)", "Islamic Revivalism and the Quest for Political Power", 1979: Exiled Ayatollah Khomeini returns to Iran, International Journal of Middle East Studies, The Oil Kings: How the U.S., Iran, and Saudi Arabia Changed the Balance of Power in the Middle East, "Historiography, class, and Iranian workers", "The Last Great Revolution Turmoil and Transformation in Iran", "Dah ab Zehn Literaturabende in Teheran 1977: Der Kampf um das Monopol literarischer Legitimitt. This revolution helped the shah gain signifiant domestic support, but he also received political criticism from people who believed the reforms were not doing enough or were not working fast enough to modernize Iran. [9][116][133] In effect, the Shah intended to restrain the military government (which he described as a temporary caretaker government) from carrying out a full crackdown. AdBlock Detected! This had the unexpected result of exposing many students in Qom to Western thought so that it is possible to find "Islamic scholars and teachers of theology who know something of contemporary Western thought and philosophy. Khomeini before a speech at Alavi school. He fostered economic development in Iran and also maintained a pro-Western foreign policy. Khomeini returned from exile that February and replaced the secular government with a theocracy ruled by Islamic religious leaders. [316][317][318] Amnesty International reports that approximately 5,000 gays have been executed in Iran since the revolution, including two gay men executed in 2014, both hanged for engaging in consensual homosexual relations. [102] Khomeini remained silent after the incident, while in Iran with the spread of the news came a wave of protest and mourning ceremonies in several cities. Prelude to revolution Reza Shah Pahlavi [111][116] Worse, the opposition was increasingly becoming armed with weapons, firing at soldiers and attacking banks and government buildings in an attempt to destabilize the country. After the Islamic revolution, Iranian artists who fled to the United States gradually formed exile communities. Prime Minister of the Interim Government. "[81] The most powerful guerrilla groupthe People's Mujahedinwas leftist Islamist and opposed the influence of the clergy as reactionary. The Shah hoped that Khomeini would be cut off from the mosques of Najaf and be cut off from the protest movement. [40] When President Carter enacted a human-rights policy which said that countries guilty of human-rights violations would be deprived of American arms or aid, this helped give some Iranians the courage to post open letters and petitions in the hope that the repression by the government might subside. The program was economically successful, but the benefits were not distributed evenly, though the transformative effects on social norms and institutions were widely felt. [178] Many Western educated upper-middle-class women from secular, urban and professional families were involved as well as many women from working-class and rural backgrounds. He produced a number of writings in Islamic philosophy, law, and ethics, but what made him best known among the people of Iran was his opposition to Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi and everything he was doing. At the same time, events that made up both the crisis and its resolution were the Iran hostage crisis, the invasion of Iran by Saddam Hussein's Iraq, and the presidency of Abolhassan Banisadr.[183][185]. According to Kurzman, scholars writing on the revolution who have mentioned this include: Researcher Emad al-Din Baghi at the Martyrs Foundation (Bonyad Shahid) counted 2,781 protesters killed in 197879, a total of 3,164 killed between 1963 and 1979. In May 1979, the Furqan Group (Guruh-i Furqan) assassinated an important lieutenant of Khomeini, Morteza Motahhari. [citation needed] The Islamic Republic lags some countries in transparency and ease of doing business according to international surveys. [109], American General Robert Huyser, the Deputy Commander of NATO, entered Iran. [122][109] Martial law was declared in the city on 11 August as symbols of Western culture and government buildings were burned, and a bus full of American workers was bombed. Tens of thousands of people took to the streets shouting "Burn the Shah!" [6][14][116][133] The Shah ordered the arrest of 100 officials from his own government for charges of corruption, including former prime minister Amir Abbas-Hoveyda and former SAVAK head Nematollah Nassiri. [19][116][132] The army and police, confused about their orders and under pressure from the Shah not to risk initiating violence, effectively gave up and did not intervene. [100] Ali Shariati's death in the United Kingdom shortly after led to another public demonstration, with the opposition accusing the Shah of murdering him. "[312]:157 It was during the late Qajar period that following modernization the society was heteronormalized. opposition included some clerics, including Ayatollah, example: "Secular Iranian writers of the early 1980s, most of whom supported the revolution, lamented the course it eventually took.". The British unsuccessfully sought punishment from the World Court and the United Nations, sent warships to the Persian Gulf, and finally imposed a crushing embargo. [322], Since the revolution Iran's GDP (Nominal) has grown from $90.392billion in 1979 to $385.874 in 2015. [203] The Islamic Republican Party[204] then fought to establish a theocratic government by velayat-e faqih. [208], In June 1979 the Freedom Movement released its draft constitution for the Islamic Republic that it had been working on since Khomeini was in exile. Like the hostage crisis, the war served in part as an opportunity for the government to strengthen revolutionary ardour and revolutionary groups;[citation needed] the Revolutionary Guard and committees at the expense of its remaining allies-turned-opponents, such as the MEK. The Cultural Revolution (1980-1983; Persian: : Enqelbe Farhangi) was a period following the Iranian Revolution, when the academia of Iran was purged of Western and non-Islamic influences (including traditionalist unpolitical Islamic doctrines) to align them with the revolutionary and political Islam. [6] While the option of a pro-Shah military coup still was a possibility, Huyser met with military leaders (but not the Shah) and established meetings between them and Khomeini allies for the purpose of agreeing on Bakhtiar's transitional government. See disclaimer. [226] Between January 1980 and June 1981, when Bani-Sadr was impeached, at least 900 executions took place,[227] for everything from drug and sexual offenses to "corruption on earth", from plotting counter-revolution and spying for Israel to membership in opposition groups. This article was well written. [6], On 19 August, in the southwestern city of Abadan, four arsonists barred the door of the Cinema Rex movie theatre and set it on fire. [109], At midnight on 8 September, the Shah declared martial law in Tehran and 11 other major cities throughout the country. Many Iranians were also angered by the fact that the Shah's family was the foremost beneficiary of the income generated by oil, and the line between state earnings and family earnings blurred. Education was encouraged for the entire population. Many of these people are not able to return to Iran still, and some of them may never get the opportunity to go back. [100][101] Led by the leftist intellectual Saeed Soltanpour, the Iranian Writers Association met at the Goethe Institute in Tehran to read anti-government poetry. Other traditional dishes were ketch (rice cooked until the water was fully absorbed) and Damy (similar to ketch but with added ingredients such as grains and beans. Culture in Iran (Pre-Revolution 33 Learn about Prezi MD Marvin DeVera Thu Apr 21 2016 Outline 21 frames Reader view In the 1950's and 60's, art in Iran was quite modern and contemporary Iran art includes architecture, painting, weaving, pottery, calligraphy, metalworking and sculpture. [303] While persecution occurred before the Revolution since then more than 200 Bahs have been executed or presumed killed, and many more have been imprisoned, deprived of jobs, pensions, businesses, and educational opportunities. There is a real threat here to be addressed, and I can only hope that strong, concrete reforms can overturn this grim state. Persians remained Persians. Demonstrations continued to grow; on December 10, hundreds of thousands of protesters took to the streets in Tehrn alone. [105] 9 January 1978 (19 Dey) is regarded as a bloody day in Qom. In theory, oil money funneled to the elite was supposed to be used to create jobs and factories, eventually distributing the money, but instead the wealth tended to get stuck at the top and concentrated in the hands of the very few. [96] Against this background a first crucial manifestation of public expression of social discontent and political protest against the regime took place in October 1977, when the German-Iranian Cultural Association in Tehran hosted a series of literature reading sessions, organized by the newly revived Iranian Writers Association and the German Goethe-Institute. [234][235][236] When protests were organized by the National Democratic Front (NDF), Khomeini angrily denounced them saying, "we thought we were dealing with human beings. Womens rights were stripped away and, in my opinion, women are seen helpless in that area of the world. [326], The value of Iran's currency declined precipitously after the revolution. The Islamic Republic imposes strict rules on Iranian life. Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the Iranian Revolution, was the grandson and son of Shiite religious leaders. For example, Islamic Republic Party and allied forces controlled approximately 80% of the seats on the Assembly of Experts of Constitution. By the late 1970s the economy began to struggle with rapid inflation and disaffected workers in both the public and private sector went on strike. Censorship is handled by the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, without whose official permission, "no books or magazines are published, no audiotapes are distributed, no movies are shown and no cultural organization is established. People in the shahs regime left their families to escape while they still had a chance to leave. A series of escalating protests broke out in major cities, and deadly riots broke out in Isfahan where protesters fought for the release of Ayatollah Jalaluddin Taheri. "[138] The marches were led by Ayatollah Taleghani and National Front leader Karim Sanjabi, thus symbolizing the "unity" of the secular and religious opposition. In this interim period of "disaffected calm,"[68] the budding Iranian revival began to undermine the idea of Westernization as progress that was the basis of the Shah's secular reign, and to form the ideology of the 1979 revolution: Jalal Al-e-Ahmad's idea of Gharbzadegithat Western culture was a plague or an intoxication to be eliminated;[69] Ali Shariati's vision of Islam as the one true liberator of the Third World from oppressive colonialism, neo-colonialism, and capitalism;[70] and Morteza Motahhari's popularized retellings of the Shia faith all spread and gained listeners, readers and supporters. It is sickening to see and it wouldve been really exciting to see another Middle Eastern nation prevail and develop into a functional state. 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