rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom

Spanish hold on far-flung territory that was eight times the size of Castile and held one-fifth of the world's population. Henry finally had a male heir in 1537, when his third wife, Jane Seymour (c. 15091537), gave birth to their son Edward. At the beginning of the Tudor era the religious houses owned as much as one-fourth of all land in England. In 1429 the country was dramatically energized by Joan of Arc (c. 14121431), who was known as the Maid of Orlans. Gama responded by seizing a number of traders and fishermen from the harbor, killing them, and sending a boat filled with their body parts back to the Samuri. Charles spent his final years as an adviser to Philip, who soon earned the nickname of the "Prudent King" because he made decisions slowly and with great deliberation. In 1560 the Spanish attempted unsuccessfully to take Tripoli, a port city in northwest Lebanon, from the Turks. Most settled in North Africa, while others went to Turkey, France, and Italy. Spanish officials were dismissed and replaced by men Even more ruthless than Corts was Francisco Pizzaro. Although it was called the King James Bible, James himself had little to. The merchants of India were immediately suspicious of this highly organized expedition from Europe. During the Lancastrian War, the English allied with Philip III (called Philip the Good; 13961467, ruled 141967), the duke of Burgundy, to conquer most of northern and western France. Saint Paul's School was founded early in Henry's reign by John Colet, the learned dean (head) of St. Paul's Cathedral. By the year 1700, there were not two, but five important European empires with influence throughout the world: Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands. In the process, he helped bring the Italian Renaissance to France. Like her mother, Catherine of Aragon, Mary was pro-Spanish and Catholic. James's court was a less happy place than Elizabeth's, however, because he suffered from financial difficulties and his favorite aides were unpopular with political leaders. Spanish forces led personally by Charles took La Goletta (now Halq al-Wadi), a seaport town in northeast Tunisia. James again tried to remain free of the war by arranging an alliance with a Catholic country. Moorish architects renewed cities with intricately decorated mosques, lush gardens, and paved streets. Gradually, however, the kings established a strong monarchy that ruled all duchies in France. He began organizing the famous "Invincible Armada," a fleet of 130 heavily armored ships that carried 30,000 men, for an invasion of England (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). They also declared that Spain's foreign policy must promote Spanish interests and that the Cortes should meet every three years. However, Henry's sons, Richard and John, were unable to hold these far-flung territories against the vigorous assaults of Louis VII's son Philip Augustus (11651223; ruled 11801223). Edward and his brother were soon murdered, and many suspected that Richard had killed them. The German Empire consisted of 26 constituent territories, most ruled by royal families. Leading the venture would be an experienced admiral, the marquis of Santa Cruz. He was a mem ber of the house of Lancaster, but after he married Elizabeth of York, the War of the Roses officially ended. Their philosophy made the cities of Toledo, Crdoba, and Granada important centers of learning. Although the secretary had seen slaughter and bloodshed during Irish wars with the English, he reported that he had seen nothing like the carnage that awaited him that autumn day. In 1652 Philip sent an army under his illegitimate son John of Austria (16291679) to Barcelona. Charles liberated thousands of Christian prisoners and soon thereafter captured the port of Tunis. Between 10,000 and 14,000 Frenchmen died, and many others were taken prisoner, including Francis himself. Reliable maps of the known world, which previously had been closely guarded as state secrets, were becoming available to seafarers. Pope Clement VII joined Francis I of France and Henry VIII of England in the League of Co gnac, an alliance against Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. France was then ravaged by an internal war between the Orlanists (a family in the duchy of Orlans, in north central France) and the Burgundians (a family in the duchy of Burgundy, in northeastern France), who were both claiming the right to the French throne. Genoa fell to his naval forces, led by admiral Andrea Doria (14661560). Henry the Navigtor believed the mission would be dangerous if undertaken by sea. The uprising began when Dutch Protestants staged violent riots and smashed statues of Catholic saints. And today, we're planning to help you get better at it by sharing some Rise of Kingdoms cheats and tips in our complete strategy guide. Under her command, the French won several important battles. In walking less than five miles, he counted more than eleven hundred Spanish bodies. Although aware of The forerunner to the European explorers was the Venetian traveler Marco Polo (12541324). In fact, only the Dutch had any success in attacking European empires in America. This Empire itself arose from the incomplete fusion of the Germanic-speaking Franks with the Romance-speaking Gauls from c. 500 on. Learn more. In a dozen voyages from 1603 until 1633, Champlain discovered the easternmost Great Lakes, Huron and Ontario; founded the city of Quebec; and served as commandant of France's new colonial territories, which were called New France. Under feudalism there were few cities, and most communities consisted of small towns and rural areas clustered around castles, which served as centers of government and social life (see "Castle as center of community" in Chapter 1). A: Red In 1684, La Salle lay claim, on behalf of France, to the entire Mississippi River basin, from the Illinois country to the Gulf of Mexico. During a famous confrontation with the emperor, the German priest refused to budge on his controversial views. The Napoleonic Code of 1804 was MOST important in World History because it. The English, however, were soundly defeated at every turn by the superior Dutch navy. The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and SpainOne of the most significant developments in the three centuries leading up to the Renaissance period was the collapse of feudalism. In 1415 Henry the Navigator, son of the Portuguese king, led an armada against Ceuta and won a battle that left thousands of Muslim bodies piled in the streets of the city. By this time most Spaniards were having second thoughts about the new king: Charles had never been to their country, and he could not even speak Spanish. Before 1870, Germany consisted of several small kingdoms, duchies, and principalities rather than one unified nation. The group Young Italy advocated for. 1,200-year-old bones found in Aachen Cathedral in Germany believed to belong to Charlemagne, King of the Franks. Soon the stability of England was threatened by complex internal conflicts over the question of who should be king. Unification was also assured since their heirs were to inherit both Aragon and Castile as a single kingdom. Soon after being crowned, she married Philip of Spain (soon to be King Philip II), but Parliament prevented him from taking the English throne along with his wife. Two years later, Philip issued a royal proclamation condemning William of Orange as an outlaw and the main source of unrest in the Netherlands. Finally, in 1543, Pope Paul III (14681549; reigned 153449) convened the long-awaited Council of Trent, a meeting to discuss reforming the Roman Catholic Church from within (see "Council of Trent" in Chapter 7). But Corts wanted more treasures, and over the next two years he massacred the Aztec, finally destroying Tenochtitln in 1521. Forced to fight for what he considered to be his hereditary rights (his mother was the princess of Portugal), he had sent Alba into Portugal with twenty-two thousand troops. Monarchies used to rule the world. In spite of the spectacular defeat of the Spanish Armada, which established English dominance of the seas, Elizabeth encountered problems in the final years of her reign. Louis's son, King Charles VIII (14701498; ruled 148398) then married Anne of Brittany (14771514) and merged Brittany, the last remaining He expanded his territory by crossing the English Channel (a body of water between France and England) and launching the Norman conquest of England (106670). Renaissance ideas were still dominant in England when James died in 1625. Charles's younger brother, Ferdinand, was named Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor in 1558. The smaller English ships darted in and out of the flames, pouncing on stragglers. The Castilian nobility were alarmed by this development because they knew a Spanish king would limit their power. Frederick was married to James's daughter Elizabeth. His excuse was that he was forced to sign the document at a time when he could not think clearly. His men won a few Indeed, it seemed to many Europeans that "God had turned into a Spaniard" by 1584. Since she had no heirs, the Tudor dynasty came to an end. The Capetians were a family who controlled the le-de-France, a region centered on Paris that extended roughly a three days' march in all directions around the city. At the same time, the Portuguese were establishing a colonial presence in Brazil, the easternmost part of the South American continent. When Columbus returned from this "New World," Ferdinand and Isabella asked Pope Alexander VI to recognize Spain's authority over these new lands. Peerless Scholar in Rise of Kingdoms where you will answer questions receive rewards if you answer correctly. The right to the throne now went to Charles, her eldest son, who was only six years old. One of the most powerful Capetians was William II (c. 10281087), the duke of Normandy, a duchy in northwestern France. Royal Family of Denmark. The prospect of having Charles someday take the thrones of both Castile and Aragon disturbed Ferdinand. Of course, the ancient kingdoms of England and Scotland had been in existence on the island of Great Britain for nearly a thousand years, and for a substantial part of that time, the kings, queens, and peoples of each country fought - sometimes with each other, but often against each other in several conflicts. Others became involved in a series of plots against Mary's government. Spain and forced the Jews to convert to Islam. Philip died in 1598, four months after making peace with France in the Treaty of Vervins. She inspired the soldiers by saying that though she had "the body of a weak and feeble woman," she had "the heart and stomach of a King.". He took complete control of Naples by 1504. Although England was smaller than France, it was able to gather a large army. The king was competing with Francis I of France and Charles I of Spain for the coveted position of emperor (see "France" section previously in this chapter). Although Francis had able military advisers, he failed to score a victory. When Essex returned to England, Elizabeth reluctantly withdrew her patronage from him. Assassinated in 1610 by a Catholic fanatic, Henry was followed by his young nine-year-old son Louis XIII (16011643; ruled 161043). Attempts were made to colonize Virginia, the territory in North America named in Elizabeth's honor (she was called the "Virgin Queen"). He marched his army through Mexico in 1519 to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitln (modern-day Mexico City). By the mid-1500s, between 350,000 and 400,000 Moriscos were living in the Spanish provinces. Many Spanish ships broke up on the west coast of Ireland, and only half of the Armada eventually returned to Spain. In the early 1500s they continued the crusade against the Moors into North Africa with a series of military expeditions. The pound rose as much as 0.9pc to well above $1. His advisers also needed to pay back a loan of 850,000 florins (the Italian unit of currency) they had received from Jacob Fugger (14591525), a wealthy German banker. The Renaissance palace at Hampton Court was the scene of many splendid entertainments. Charles's spokesmen claimed the troops had moved on Rome against She knew the Greek and Latin languages, and she occasionally embarrassed foreign diplomats when she understood comments they made in their own languages. She was an accomplished performer on the virginal, the keyboard instrument named in honor of her status as the Virgin QueenElizabeth refused to get married because she had devoted her life to her country. Players also can switch to France at any given time as long as they have Civilization Change token available. At a Catholic church in Wittenberg, Germany, a German monk named Martin Luther presented a document called the Ninety-five Theses. Although the revolt did not end until 1648 with Dutch independence, the Spanish had many military victories in the Netherlands during Philip's reign. Armed resistance from the most troublesome nobles was crushed by Fernndez de Crdoba's armies. Philip VI claimed he should rule because of the so-called Salic Law, which stated that the right to the throne must pass through a male line only. Two rival houses (royal families), York and Lancaster, each claimed to have the right to the throne. Medina-Sidonia was an army commander, so he protested that he was unqualified to lead a naval fleet. The Kingdom of Italy was created in. James also had to contend with religious unrest. At first the Capetians' control over the other duchies of France was mostly in name only because many were semi-independent kingdoms. Francis issued a list of banned books and established a court to punish heretics. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Cranmer was dismissed from office and placed under house arrest, while Reginald Pole (15001558) was brought back to England to take the archbishop's place. He made similar alliances with Portugal. Encyclopedia.com. Here Puritan Answers. Trait 3: +20% Hospital Recovery Rate. They often involved elaborate scenery and costumes as well as music. Charles denounced Luther as a heretic who could never be returned to the church. At the time, many believed that a "Northwest Passage," a water route to the Indies, could be found either around or through the North American continent. In the 1300s marriages between English and French nobles meant that both English and French kings had a claim to the French throne. In February, he completed the Capitulations, an "unholy alliance" with the Ottoman leader Khayr ad-Din (pronounced kigh-ruh-DEEN; d. 1546), who was called Barbarossa by Europeans. Margaret was exiled to France, and Henry lived the rest of his life imprisoned in the Tower of London (a prison for members of the royalty and nobility). Despite the new division, the conflict between the sub-kingdoms continued. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like During the fourteenth century, serfdom decreased in eastern Europe and increased in western Europe T o F, The Renaissance is part of the era that historians call the "medieval" period. In 1527 Henry began demanding a divorce from Catherine so he could marry Anne Boleyn (c. 15071536), an attendant in the court of Queen Claude of France. The conflic, Catherine de' Medici At the beginning of the seventeenth century, these countries were shifting their attention to the riches of the Indies. 2. ." Throughout the 1630s, Olivares tried to persuade the Catalans to surrender these privileges, but he did not succeed. The Catholic sovereigns' most controversial actions involved Jews and Muslims. Ferdinand's most brilliant military and political successes were achieved in Italy during the Italian Wars, a series of conflicts in which Spain and France were fighting over control of Naples and Sicily (see discussion of the Italian Wars in "France" section previously in this chapter). For a time Jews' property was seized, but they did not receive any further punishment. Half of the Armada was lost and so was Philip's dream of making England into a Catholic province. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain. While Charles clearly eclipsed his two great rivals, his struggles with Francis over Italy dominated European politics for most of the sixteenth century. The Comuneros had formed the "Holy League of Cities" and were protesting the policies of Charles's government (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). Cromwell therefore declared the marriage invalid shortly after he conducted the wedding Jewish leaders such as Abraham Prussia won and directly annexed some of the German states that had sided . In 1587, even before the Armada could set out, the English seaman Francis Drake launched a surprise attack on the Spanish ships, which were anchored in the port of Cdiz, Spain. A: Greek . Introduction. But in this second war, which began in 1527, Charles was destined to win an even greater victory. Eventually feudalism (a term derived from the medieval Latin word feudum, meaning "fee") spread throughout Europe and served as a unifying institution for all aspects of life. Edward's sister, Mary Tudor, would restore the Catholic faith because she had always been a Catholic. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. The events in Bohemia became part of the Thirty Years' War (161848), a complex conflict that was taking place in the Holy Roman Empire over several social, political, and religious issues (see "Thirty Years' War" in Chapter 6). Claiming also that the treaty applied only to the continent of Europe, the French continued to encroach on Spanish commerce in the Atlantic Ocean. to hold diverse views about such matters as communion. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. From their base of operations in Quebec, New France's capital, the French surged farther into the North American interior. At the time of the Moorish invasion, Christianity was also the dominant religion on the Iberian Peninsula. to France. Equipped with longbows and arrows that could pierce French armor, the English defeated the French cavalry. Francis also received a proper noble education in the art of war. Their efforts were defeated after the king's agents bullied and bribed the majority of Cortes members. Edward ruled England for twelve more years, until his unexpected death in 1483. The Spanish lost 1,000 men. The king's announcement also offered a reward of 25,000 ducats (coins used in various European countries) for the capture of William of Orange. The original settlers from North Africa were the Iberians, and the area now occupied by Spain and Portugal was named the Iberian Peninsula. 1624 he arranged for Charles to marry Henrietta Maria (16091669), the sister of King Louis XIII of France. They also founded Portugal's overseas provinces in western and eastern Africa, India, Southeast Asia, and Brazil and poured the vast riches of the empire into the homeland. Alba initiated an extremely repressive policy. On the very day of Cromwell's death Henry married Catherine Howard (c. 15201542). Not even his genius, however, could win for Henry the crown of the Holy Roman Empire. The English also formed an alliance with France and, to seal the treaty, Henry's sister Mary became the wife of King Louis XII of France. Henry declined to join the French effort. James also supported settlement in the New World. In 1620 Frederick lost the throne of Bohemia (he was nicknamed the "Winter King" because he ruled for only one winter) and was stripped of all his territories in the Holy Roman Empire. The Spanish had rights to all lands west of the longitudinal Line of Demarcation, while Portugal could claim everything to the east. limit their power. Originally, the Hudson Bay, the Hudson River, and the river valley were settled by the Dutch, who controlled entrance to the river at the fortress town of New Amsterdam, on what is now Manhattan Island. The court paid small pensions (financial allowances for retired people) to the former monks and nuns, and larger ones to the former abbots and priors (heads of monasteries) who had cooperated in the closing of their houses. The Jews were expelled and went mainly to North Africa. Renaissance thought emphasized pursuit of the arts and sciences, the achievement of personal glory, and commercial expansion. She was beheaded, along with her husband, Guildford Dudley, in 1554. By the time Charles died in 1461, the English had been driven from all French territory. "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain In what became known as New Spain (present-day Mexico), Hernn Corts (14851547) led Spanish forces against the ancient Aztec empire. They also wanted to end the use of wedding rings, which were believed to be popish because Catholics wore them. They had used the borrowed money to bribe imperial electors, the voting representatives who selected Charles as emperor. Henry VIII, whose heart had never really been in the war, also quickly came to terms with Charles. 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