0000002710 00000 n
Images are typically representative and may not be an exact representation especially of the item size. , Courses The thicknesses shown in the above table are adequate for the rated water working pressure plus a surge allowance of 100 psi. 0000008768 00000 n
1 week ago Web The standard material for Class 52 53 ductile pipe are below: Q235A, Q235B, Q345, K8, K9, K10, L245, L290, X42, X46, X70, X80, X95 Ductile, ISO2531/ EN545/ EN598. . 0000073411 00000 n
View detail 0000018118 00000 n
Ductile iron pipes from 30-inch through 48-inch diameters have wall thickness increases ranging from 0.04 to 0.08-inches per single-digit wall class bump-up, based upon the larger hoop being equally strong yet understandably more flexible than smaller diameters against external loads. Tycoon Piping is one of the large suppliers for high quality Ductile Iron Water Pipe Dimensions. Sizes 12 in. 0000072829 00000 n
0000037584 00000 n
The compositions are just silicon, iron and carbon elements. 0000011946 00000 n
*Based on ductile iron pipe class 50 nominal thickness for all sizes - except class 51 nominal thickness for 3" and 4" - as specified in awwa c151, and on standard cement lining minimum thickness specified in awwa c104. hb```b`` ``a`cd@ A6 da|T&
rVZ"RpBEeB~a)if84HV\o_=E 0000009653 00000 n
Mike Palermo, Senior Sales Representative for McWane Ductile, handles sales for the state of New York, excluding New York City and Long Island. 0000072964 00000 n
Selling Length 18 ft. Stop struggling with those hard-to-figure field calculations and put ease and efficiency right at your fingertips with our Pocket Engineer for mobile and desktop devices. Products covered by one or more of the following patents: 4,565,222; 5,353,842; 5,901,752; 6,446,669; 6,568,429; 6,899,138, 11,156,319 B2 and other applications pending. Ductile Iron Class 50 Ductile Iron Class 51 Ductile Iron Class 52 Ductile Courses 232 View , Courses However, there are special thickness classes as well based on AWWA C150 for which the dimensions for ductile iron pipes are provided in Fig. 0000060961 00000 n
0000108583 00000 n
trailer
<]/Prev 104597/XRefStm 1747>>
startxref
0
%%EOF
1786 0 obj
<>stream
CEsIgM*9bMQ:v@r2VE{vkn#7C&;W>P_uo]E;CYlVOS7ME+o8~_s3i^+Luj;@ P^
b&V!TI ^l What is UL and FM and Why is it Important When Manufacturing Ductile Iron Pipe? 0000022398 00000 n
0000029256 00000 n
View detail Development locations benefit from ductile iron pipe class 53. 0000081516 00000 n
0000000733 00000 n
South Africa, Mexico, Nigeria, Egypt,
Petersen Products Co. 2022. 0000118688 00000 n
Water supply project, sewage, drainage, irrigation, water pipeline. Philippines, Thailand, South Korea,
The value of pi () used in calculations = 3.1416. 0000081080 00000 n
Petersen Products Co. 2022. Using the nominal metal wall of 0.25-inches in the same rearrangement of the universal hoop stress equation results in an ultimate pressure containing capacity of 2,320-psi, which equates to a performance safety factor of 15 against a hydrotest pressure of 150-psi for the weakest 8-inch pipe manufactured, again restrained joint dependent to prevent longitudinal separation of the otherwise rubber-gasketed watertight joint. All rights reserved. The dimension also varies according to the design code used. Products covered by one or more of the following patents: 4,565,222; 5,353,842; 5,901,752; 6,446,669; 6,568,429; 6,899,138, 11,156,319 B2 and other applications pending. In a continuous effort to make your job easier, we have developed an online submittal builder to quickly and neatly package your personalized presentation. Petersen Warranty, Terms & Conditions Apply, Petersen Products
The ductile iron piping industry in Australia and New Zealand follows an independent specification AS/NZS 2280- Ductile iron pipes and fittings. 0000002184 00000 n
1570 0 obj
<>
endobj
Ductile Iron Class: CL52 Ductile Iron Pipe Type: Ductile Iron Fastite Pipe End Connection 1: Fastite Joint End Connection 2: Spigot End Connections: Fastite Joint x Spigot Length: 20 ft Material: Ductile Iron NSF Certified: Yes NSF Specifications: NSF 61 Origin: Domestic Pipe Lining: Double Cement Pipe Tubing Size: 4 in Pressure Class: 350 psi Actual conditions vary so user must accept full risk and responsibility for the selection and use of any product. McWane Ductile is proud to be a part of the McWane family of companies. Tubos India is one of the large manufacturers for high quality Ductile Iron Class 52 Pipes. In 2017, Mike earned the New Jersey Salesman of the year with McWane Ductile. With the standardized outside diameter of 9.05 inches, this would leave an inside diameter of 3.80-inches. 0000073526 00000 n
Required fields are marked *. 1570 21
3,063 psi / 150 psi = 20.4. 0000040547 00000 n
Any credit allowed will
Note that the above ductile iron pipe dimensions chart is based on standard pressure classes as specified in AWWA C151. Package Quantity 1 per pack. This website is my first venture into the world of blogging with the aim of connecting with other piping engineers around the world. PIPE SIZE PIPE CLASS PIPE WALL INSIDE DIAMETERS UNL SCL DCL 3 . Thanks by your site, very usefull to clarify our doubts during a work day in the project activities.Fast consult and quicly response for our doubts. If you have any questions regarding your water or wastewater infrastructure project, be sure to reach out to yourlocal McWane Ductile representative. Returns: Email Returned Goods Authorization request for standard
We have professional team of Ductile iron class 53 pipe manufacturers. NEVER use an inflatable plug when its failure could cause injury or catastrophic damage or as the only means of protection for personnel working downstream. We have professional team of Ductile ironclass 53 pipesuppliers. %PDF-1.4
%
Typical dimensions for ductile iron pipes for Australia and New Zealand are provided below: I am a Mechanical Engineer turned into a Piping Engineer. Warning: All pipe plugs must be blocked or anchored adequately against a force equal to the head pressure times the cross-sectional area of the pipe. Package Quantity 1 per pack. PIPE USP 0550 PRESSURE CLASSTHICKNESS CLASS RISD 01.1 Size Inches Pressure Class psi Nominal Thickness Inches OD* Inches TYTON Joint TR FLEX Joint HP LOK Joint We offer ductile iron class 53 pipe awwa c151 at Good quality and reasonable price. 421 Wheeler Ave
Typical dimensions of centrifugally cast ductile-iron pipes according to AWWA C151/A.21.51 is provided below in a chart format: The pressure class in the above table for ductile iron pipe dimension is the rated water pressure that the pipe can withstand in psi. 0000072600 00000 n
For the purposes of this article, we shall compute the maximum pressure value for 8-inch Thickness class 52 DI pipe, which has a nominal wall thickness of 0.33 inches: If the design pressure, i.e., the highest internal pressure to be experienced, is the test pressure, typically 150-psi, the safety factor is 20! 6 in. u&+spT10gdV $Fi
rB m-/n00_algX yv; 2D50$%. <]/Prev 226737/XRefStm 1317>>
0000014789 00000 n
First, we should define Pressure Rating versus Working Pressure and Design Pressure: The ultimate internal pressure containment capability for a given size and known wall thickness of DI pipe can be calculated by rearranging the universal hoop stress equation. Ductile iron pipes are produced by centrifugal casting method. Contact Us, Internal Pressure and Materials Comparison Calculator. The standardized casting tolerances and service allowances applied to as-cast metal walls of DI pipe permit these extremely impressive internal pressure handling capabilities. Returns: Email Returned Goods Authorization request for standard
0000010066 00000 n
Its Working, Types, and Selection (PDF), link to Overview of the Ammonia Production: Haber-Bosch Process (PDF), Types of Pipes | Classification of Pipes (PDF). 0000038037 00000 n
Since 1955, Ductile iron pipe has been the choice for modern water and wastewater systems. Your email address will not be published. 0000021594 00000 n
0000038800 00000 n
Welded Outlets for Ductile Iron Pipe Fittings (all types) Anchor Pipe (Welded & Snap on) Wall Pipe & Thrust Collars Specialty Lining & Coatings Glass Lining (Porcelain Enamel) Protecto 401 Ceramic Epoxy Fusion Bonded Epoxy (206N) Fusion Bond Epoxy 134 Steel Fabrications Tools, Valve Wrenches, Supports, Hangers Price Lists Submittal Documents Search by Subject Or Level. startxref
0000104917 00000 n
westrive to provide education and assistance, More articles and videos from our Iron Strong Blog, Training Opportunities with McWane Ductile, The McWane Pocket Engineerand Tutorial Videos. The market is gaining growth on account of rising installation of the products in developed and developing nations. Financial Analysis and Financial Modeling using MS Excel, QuickBooks Pro 2013 Training the Easy Way, Learn TradingView Pine Script Programming From Scratch, How to Create A Website: An HTML Tutorial and CSS Tutorial, Herbalism :: Professional Herbalist Certificate. %PDF-1.4
%
Ductile Iron Pipe is also available with thicknesses greater than Pressure Class 350; see table below. All information is from AWWA/ANSI C150/A21.50-91Standards, tables 50.5 and , Courses Ammonia is a very important and versatile chemical compound used in a wide variety of industrial and commercial applications. Water supply project, sewage, drainage, irrigation, water pipeline. Long radius and reducing elbows, reducing on-the-run tees, side outlet fittings, eccentric reducers and laterals are ANSI B16.1 Class 125 fittings. Schedule/Class , Courses Ductile Iron Pipe Type: Ductile Iron Flex Ring Pipe. mcwaneductile.com . 0000036279 00000 n
We have a powerful team of Ductile iron class 53 Pipe on board. It can be found in products such as fertilizers, cleaners, and Hi There! Through this platform, I will share my experiences and knowledge with you in an innovative way. 0000113930 00000 n
Nominal Size Ductile Iron Class 50 Ductile Iron Class 51 Ductile Iron Class 52 Ductile Iron Class 53 Ductile Iron Class 54 Ductile Iron Class 55 Ductile Iron Class 56 Asbestos Cement ASTM C-428 RCP ASTM C-361 Non-Reinforced Concrete Pipe ASTM C . 0000001317 00000 n
xref
if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'whatispiping_com-banner-2','ezslot_6',851,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-whatispiping_com-banner-2-0');report this ad. View detail NEVER use a test pressure greater than the capacity of the weakest pipe or component in the system. Ductile iron pipes from 30-inch through 48-inch diameters have wall thickness increases ranging from 0.04 to .08-inches per single-digit wall class bump-up, based upon the larger hoop being equally strong yet understandably more flexible than smaller diameters against external loads. 0000009366 00000 n
Outside Diameter 9.05 in. It was concocted in year 1949. 362 Any credit allowed will
100 2, Sector 3, Millennium Business Park, Mahape, Navi Mumbai, 400710, INDIA. Most other materials in the industry are classified solely by pressure rating. form with your email. Typical Dimensions are provided below: There are other European Standards those are dedicated to specific type of ductile iron piping as follows EN 15655, EN 877, EN 598, EN 12842, EN 14628, EN 15189, EN 14901, EN 969, EN 15542, EN 545, EN 14525, etc. View detail 0000038116 00000 n
Ductile Iron Pipe class k9 Ductile Iron cast ironpipes used in potable water supply project, ranged from DN80--DN4000 according to ISO2531-98 & EN545 SHENG WANG PIPES CO.LTD.CHINA is the manufacturer which produce water--cooled centrifugal casting duct. Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Iran,
Include the original Order Number and Date received. Welcome to my space, I am Anup Kumar Dey, an experienced piping engineer for the last 19 years. Pipe 0000001416 00000 n
Should you take the Google IT certification in 2021? 0000006900 00000 n
Talk about a substantial flow constriction! 0000002138 00000 n
It was quickly recognized as a pipe material with all the established durability of gray cast iron, yet with added strength and resiliency from its innate and lasting flexibility. 0000015696 00000 n
Thickness is available from 6.0mm-20mm, whereas Diameter ranges from DN80-1800mm. . Warning: All pipe plugs must be blocked or anchored adequately against a force equal to the head pressure times the cross-sectional area of the pipe. ~\GMyC. Note 2: We are constantly upgrading our products and while we try to keep the websites up to date it is possible more current specifications may be on a quote or confirming order. Call us for price . 0000021474 00000 n
8 in. In his spare time, he enjoys running, biking, and golfing. Please download, complete and attach this
Where. National Manufacturing Day to Launch Second Consecutive McWane Scholarship Program for Skilled Trades, McWane Ductile Announces $45 Million Dollar Investment, Expansion in Coshocton County, McWane Ductile Focuses on Capital Investments, Operational Efficiencies to Meet Demand Amid Supply-Constrained Market, California Transparency in Supply Chain Disclosure, Thickness classes have no single direct meaning. Ductile iron pipe class 53 are Convenient in construction sites. Get your answers today at pe.mcwane.com or download the app from the App Store or Google Play, free of charge, no strings attached! The mechanical joint is based on the stuffing box principle and consists of a bell with a flange cast integrally with it, a cast or ductile iron gland, a rubber gasket and the necessary bolts and nuts. Pipe. 0000002954 00000 n
Preview site, 3 days ago This is true and wonderfully demonstrative for even Pressure Class 150 pipes. 0000038446 00000 n
Class 52 53 Ductile Iron pipe - Bhawal Steel Agency. Ductile Iron Sand Casting We manufacture austempered, high silicon molybdenum, high nickel, and heat-resistant ductile iron sand castings with slim wall, complex geometry, and tight tolerance features. Privacy Policy Pressure Classes represent the metal wall associated directly to just the internal pressure containment rating of the pipe barrel in question, manufacturing tolerances included. Mike's motivation comes from helpingcustomers solve problems they are not aware of and being able to relate to contractors and engineers through his education and experience. 0000037665 00000 n
Other products do not exhibit such impressive safety factors; it is not even close. Singapore, Australia,Turley, Italy,
0000124756 00000 n
What is a Pressure Switch? Since the hoop stress equation applies to all pipe materials, we can compute the thickness of an 8-inch PVC pipe (4,000 psi material HDB strength) needed to match the weakest 8-inch DI pipe, a PC 350. View detail be against future purchases after a 20% handling and restocking charge. We have professional team of Ductile iron class 53 pipemanufacturers. All Sizes . These special thickness classes were designated standard thickness classes by AWWA /ANSI Standard C150/A21.50-81. View detail Products. There can be several different pressure classes in larger diameters, such as PC 150- PC 350. Every Ductile iron pipe made is individually hydrotested to a minimum of 500-psi internal pressure during the foundry inspection process in full accordance with ANSI/AWWA C151, the Manufacturing Standard for DI pipe. Part #AFR52PP412. Note 1: Mechanical and Molded Rubber Plugs are generally used for testing because fabricated Multi-Flex style plugs may allow some seepage unless customized for a positive seal. Ductile iron pipe class 53 are Convenient in construction sites. 0000035828 00000 n
We offer ductile iron class 53 pipe awwa c151 at Good quality and reasonable price. 4 0 obj
<>
endobj
xref
4 50
0000000016 00000 n
As per study added by Value Market Research, the Ductile iron pipe is the pipe made up of ductile iron particularly used for transmission of drinking water, slurries, sewage and process chemicals. Call for Pricing. Call for Pricing. And it is not a surprise because if you do the "rating math" of 150-psi design base plus a surge allowance of 100-psi and a safety factor of 2.0, you get 500-psi as the minimum rating for that thin pipe wall. For more on the advantages of DI over PVC pipe, check out this blog by Jerry Regula. 0000007246 00000 n
1731 56
Pipe dimensions are standardised to the mutually incompatible AWWA C151 ( U.S. 1590 0 obj
<>stream
End Connection 1: Fastite Joint. 0000038295 00000 n
You can't get that result anywhere else online. When a preset fluid Overview of the Ammonia Production: Haber-Bosch Process (PDF). Connection Type Tyton Joint. 0000034317 00000 n
Pipe Tubing Size: 6 in. 0000002510 00000 n
0000022061 00000 n
HWko\
b>z8y?nc'APm5+?$DZEw_{&l~,.q9_
ye*5BTo'Q_c|{rG{wW/|ku,qk\y{u;]`C90d5O?7_9-!MO?]pW;
lV^{^o. hb``g``-````Rd@@ H: C1*Co6+HoU*m3/FBHf#P4K]ovqQ#
~&@w /^"
endstream
endobj
5 0 obj
<>>>
endobj
6 0 obj
<>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/Properties<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>>
endobj
7 0 obj
<>
endobj
8 0 obj
<>
endobj
9 0 obj
<>
endobj
10 0 obj
<>
endobj
11 0 obj
[/DeviceN[/Black]/DeviceCMYK 22 0 R 24 0 R]
endobj
12 0 obj
<>stream
3"-36" DUCTILE IRON PIPE Unlined (UNL) Single Cement Lining (SCL) Double Cement Lining (DCL) All dimensions shown are nominal with units = inches Pipe classes listed in ascending order of thickness per diameter. 0000073188 00000 n
Currently, I work in a reputed MNC as a Senior Piping Stress Engineer. I am very much passionate about blogging and always tried to do unique things. DUCTILE IRON CLASS 52 PIPE SPECIFICATIONS, 107, Kika Street, 4th Floor, Umrao Bhavan, Gulalwadi, Mumbai - 400004, India, 2018 Tubos India. Nominal Diameter or DN, a dimensionless term is used to specify ductile iron pipe dimensions. 0000005286 00000 n
link to What is a Pressure Switch? The standard material for Class 52 53 ductile pipe are below: Q235A, Q235B, Q345, K8, K9, K10, L245, L290, X42, X46, X70, X80, X95 Ductile, ISO2531/ EN545/ EN598. 56 0.52 16.36 16.17 15.99 SIZE PIPE WALL . 0000032668 00000 n
Products covered by one or more of the following patents: 4,565,222; 5,353,842; 5,901,752; 6,446,669; 6,568,429; 6,899,138, 11,156,319 B2 and other applications pending. Please review our Warranty, Terms and Conditions. 1731 0 obj
<>
endobj
xref
0000004503 00000 n
Schedule/Class Class 52. 421 Wheeler Ave
0000098393 00000 n
Preview site, 1 week ago Plug and chug the PVC information to handle 2,320 psi results in a PVC wall requirement of 2.63-inches. Ductile Iron Class: CL52. Ductile iron Class 125 fittings are furnished manufacturer's Search by Location. Real Estate Investing: Learn to Fix & Flip , Step by Step! Please review our Warranty, Terms and Conditions. 0000001688 00000 n
Include the original Order Number and Date received. Filter by: All $ Off % Off Free Online . Preview site, 5 days ago The chemically composed elements of ductile iron are 3-4% carbon, 2.25-3% silicon, and magnesium, sulfur, and phosphorus like small elements. 0000001296 00000 n
Mike has been with McWane for more than 25 years. It was first used for special and severe conditions of high pressure, such as where water hammer and excessive external loads 1 might have existed. trailer
<<6EA6DA6EAF124F8C8BF386E85A62F718>]/Prev 144516>>
startxref
0
%%EOF
53 0 obj
<>stream
Fredonia, WI 53021-0340. Minimal safety factors are generally set at 2.0 for most design scenarios in our industry. Introduced in 1992, for pipe size 12-inch and smaller, just one pressure class - PC 350 exists, nearly equivalent to a thickness class 50. 0000073075 00000 n
Internal linings and external coatings are applied to prevent corrosion of ductile iron pipes. U.S., U.K, Canada, U.A.E., Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Iran, Singapore, Australia, Turkey, Italy, Philippines, Thailand, South Korea, South Africa, Mexico, Nigeria, Egypt, Germany, Pakistan, Netherland, Qatar, Brazil. Ductile iron is almost identical to grey iron in chemical structure. 0000040238 00000 n
0000036439 00000 n
Specifications Met UL Listed, FM Approved, ANSI/AWWA C151/A21.5. NEVER use an inflatable plug when its failure could cause injury or catastrophic damage or as the only means of protection for personnel working downstream. Quality Products for Professionals since 1916 ISO9001:2015. 0000010545 00000 n
Mike graduated from the State University of New York, College at Alfred, with an Associate Degree in Applied Science Construction Engineering. 0000033000 00000 n
0000137646 00000 n
Strictly adhere to and follow all applicable national and local regulations and practices. 0000141656 00000 n
5 days ago Web PRESSURE CLASS/THICKNESS CLASS SELECTION TALE FOR DUCTILE IRON File Size: 252KB We are at Bhawal Steel Agency, a steel manufacturing company. 1: European ductile iron pipe industry follows ISO 2531-Ductile iron pipes, fittings, accessories and their joints for water applications. 0000024567 00000 n
0000003305 00000 n
209 Class 52 Cast Iron Pipes Tubos India is one of the large manufacturers for high quality Ductile Iron Class 52 Pipes. Your email address will not be published. be against future purchases after a 20% handling and restocking charge. AWWA C-151 governs the dimensions of ductile iron pipes in North America. 0000098142 00000 n
Preview site, 5 days ago France, Azerbaijan, Korea, Hong Kong, Pakistan, Australia, Japan, Canada, Bangladesh, Netherlands, Argentina, Norway, Peru, Tunisia, Russia, Finland, Chile, Greece, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Turkey, South Africa, Costa Rica, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Bhutan, Kenya, Yemen, Malaysia, Angola, Colombia, Romania, Afghanistan, Bolivia, Lebanon, Venezuela, Bahrain, Philippines, Hungary, Iran, Gabon, Czech Republic, Mexico, Lithuania, Kuwait, Ecuador, Brazil, Denmark, Spain, Indonesia, Estonia, Croatia, Morocco, Serbia, Ukraine, Algeria, Mongolia, Iran, Israel, United States, Sweden, Libya, Nigeria, Kazakhstan, Egypt, Austria, Singapore, Poland, Iraq, Taiwan, Belgium, Belarus, Slovakia, Oman, China, Qatar, Italy, Poland, Mexico, Jordan, Nigeria, New Zealand, Bulgaria, Portugal, Ghana, Trinidad & Tobago, Chile, Thailand, Delhi, Solapur, Kanpur, Lucknow, Ahmedabad, Tirunelveli, Durgapur, Ujjain, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Patna, Benin, Buxar, Ballia, Hyderabad, Saharanpur, Vijayawada, Guntur, Ambattur, Puducherry, Varanasi, Vasai, Akola, India, Haora, Jhansi, Datia, Bihar, Chandigarh, Chennai, Jabalpur, Coimbatore, Mizoram, Haryana, Ludhiana, Ranchi, Nagda, Maharashtra, Kolkata, Manipur, Srinagar, Kurnool, Agra, Ambala, Bhavnagar, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Raipur, Kota, Udgir, Jamalpur, Karnataka, Waghala, Jamnagar, Ulhasnagar, Nagaur, Dhanbad, Suryapet, Jaipur, Faridabad, Nashik, Gulbarga, Sadar, Aurangabad, Tadepalligudem, Bikaner, Mumbai, Miryalaguda, Pune, Kerala, Vadodara, Surat, Kalyani, Amritsar, Kalyan, Amravati, Jodhpur, Chhattisgarh, Allahabad, Gujarat, Rajkot, Mangalore, Banswara, Orissa, Nagapattinam, Gujarat, Dehradun, Bangalore, Nagpur, Bhadreswar, Meerut, Punjab. 0000123094 00000 n
PIPE AND FOUNDRY COMPANY 866.DIP.PIPE WWW.USPIPE.COM P 3 U.S. What. 0000009088 00000 n
0000022814 00000 n
Pipe , A Forterra Company 2 Chase Corporate Drive, Suite 200 Birmingham, AL 35244 866.347.7473 www.uspipe.com Rev: USP012219 *- Diameters may differ due to tolerances in pipe casting and cement lining Size Class UNL CL DCL 350 0.28 12.64 12.52 12.39 50 0.31 12.58 12.46 12.33 51 0.34 12.52 12.40 12.27 52 0.37 12.46 12.34 12.21 Petersen Warranty, Terms & Conditions Apply, Petersen Products
For more excellent Ductile Iron Class 52 Pipes, Bhawal Steel Agency is a leading supplier. Select the appropriate wall class for all five standardized trench types at once, and report the ultimate internal pressure containment capability for each pipe selected in the design procedure. Its design permits considerable deflection as well as longitudinal expansion and contraction in the line.