He also provided funding for Warbeck's 1,400 supporters. Simnel and Simond were captured by Robert Bellingham, a squire of Henry's house. Read the essential details about Tudor England including biographies, primary sources, events, issues and organizations in Tudor times. Henry VII: A Wise or Wicked Ruler? The rebellion was crushed in 1487. Was Henry VIII's son, Henry FitzRoy, murdered? On 24 May 1487, Simnel was crowned in Christ Church Cathedral in Dublin as "King Edward VI" but this regnal number was written later when the official story had taken hold. Once the marriage was officially completed, some years might pass before the appropriate moment was judged to have arrived. His origins are obscure, even in official accounts; his mother is unknown and he may have been illegitimate. Vaughan was captured and executed and the two men escaped to Tenby and took a ship, heading for France but landing in Brittany late in the month after a stormy voyage. According to Jasper Ridley the English were famous throughout Europe for their hearty appetite. Then he travelled several countries, before a Breton merchant hired him and brought him to Cork, Ireland, in 1491, where he learned to speak English. The battle lasted for three hours. The right of Succession (of any child born to Catherine and Henry) depends on the undoubted legitimacy of the treaty." Simnel, Lambert, the son of an Oxford tradesman, was, in 1486, brought to Ireland by Richard Simond, a clergyman, and presented to the chief personages of the Anglo-Irish colony as Richard, Earl of Warwick, son of the Duke of Clarence, and heir to the English throne. These are admirable and invaluable qualities for a political leader in troubled times." Those nobles who had supported Lincoln were not as generously treated. Lambert Simnel was born in about 1476. (62). He also met Viscount Lovell, who had supported a failed Yorkist uprising in 1486. He had grown to manhood in an environment of treachery and intrigue, and as a result never knew security." https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lambert-Simnel-English-pretender, History Learning Site - The Lambert Simnel Rebellion. Richard Symonds was arrested and sentenced to life in a bishops prison. (33), Puebla reported that Arthur had "many excellent qualities". He had stayed in Europe under the protection of Yorkist loyalists from 1483 to 1490 but now intended to return to England. And with the royal family in disarray there were many missing nobles with a better claim than Henry. (Commentary). Pole and his mercenaries, joined by 4,000 Irish troops, arrived on the Cumbrian coast on 4th June and marched across northern Lancashire before moving south. Yet Henry was generous to Lambert Simnel and, at first, to Perkin Warbeck, although ruthless and relentless enough in his treatment of Suffolk (the son of Edward IV's sister) who was kept in prison for years after being hunted all over Europe, and of Warwick (son of the Yorkist Duke of Clarence) who was executed after fourteen years in the Tower. He sailed to Ireland with over 1,500 German mercenaries. It was allied to great patience and great industry. However, most local nobles, with the exception of Sir Thomas Broughton, did not join them. Other resolutions: 203 240 pixels| 600 710 pixels. (4)var cid='1427959711';var pid='ca-pub-1708185697831973';var slotId='div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-medrectangle-3-0';var ffid=2;var alS=2021%1000;var container=document.getElementById(slotId);container.style.width='100%';var ins=document.createElement('ins');ins.id=slotId+'-asloaded';ins.className='adsbygoogle ezasloaded';ins.dataset.adClient=pid;ins.dataset.adChannel=cid;if(ffid==2){ins.dataset.fullWidthResponsive='true';} Sir Thomas FitzGerald commanded the Irish contingent. He seems to have been consumptive, and had grown weaker since the wedding. At that time, Christians believed it was wrong for a man to marry his brother's wife. After Henry VII was informed about this, he also started gathering troops. The battle of Stoke was a sharp and brutal encounter." This was headed by Dame Elizabeth Darcy. The four armies now made up the four sides of a square.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-banner-1','ezslot_8',136,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-banner-1-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'spartacus_educational_com-banner-1','ezslot_9',136,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-banner-1-0_1');.banner-1-multi-136{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}, Without the support of the Stanley brothers, Richard looked certain to be defeated. He could not afford to be generous without seeming to be weak. The King believed, as did most other people, that Arthur had been over-exerting himself in the marriage bed." The link was not copied. In the 15th century, proving your identity was more of a challenge than today. Simond alleged, that having rescued the child from death, he had brought him to a land known to be specially attached to the cause of the White Rose, and relied that the Yorkists of Ireland would vindicate the rights of a boy whose deceased father, the Duke of Clarence, had been born amongst them in Dublin Castle. (45) Almost thirty years later Catherine deposed, under the seal of the confessional, that they had shared a bed for no more than seven nights, and that she had remained "as intact and incorrupt as when she emerged from her mother's womb". Simnels father was an organ maker. (33)Puebla reported that Arthur had "many excellent qualities". (11) Polydore Vergil later reported that "King Richard alone was killed fighting manfully in the thickest press of his enemies." What happened to Lamont Young? On the death of Edward IV in 1483, his young sons, Edward and Richard, were usurped by their uncle, Richard, Duke of Gloucester. Simnel was later given the post of kings falconer in recognition of how well he had worked. AS/A2. Cornwall, then as now an independent minded part of England, provided Warbeck with 6,000 men to march on Henry. says the king, "I am a better astrologer than you. (45) Almost thirty years later Catherine deposed, under the seal of the confessional, that they had shared a bed for no more than seven nights, and that she had remained "as intact and incorrupt as when she emerged from her mother's womb". He was an only child and he had learnt very early to keep his own counsel and to trust no confidant. It relates the circumstances under which the great exodus to the New World began, the trials and tribulations faced by these tough American pioneers and the enduring influence they came to exert on the politics, education and religion of the country. With this protection, Simnel was crowned as King Edward VI. (48) Antonia Fraser, believes that as Catherine was also ill at the same time, the both might have had sweating sickness. In every action of his life Henry proved himself a man of good judgement; he showed much wisdom in the suppression of rebellion, and he caused many nobles to be beheaded; yet he was given too much to greed, for he raised vast sums of money from merchants and other wealthy men. It was considered too dangerous to allow Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile to make the journey. His personal fortune of 1.5 million illustrated the success of his foreign policy and the commercial prosperity that England enjoyed under his rule. Edward IV sent Roger Vaughan to arrest Henry and Jasper. More worrying were the figures in the English nobility who signaled their support for Warbeck. Alison Weir has argued that Arthur was suffering from consumption: "There was concern about the Prince's delicate health. (37), Catherine and Prince Arthur wrote several letters to each other. The invasion was disastrous as Warbeck failed to find the hoped-for public support in England. Nothing is known of his upbringing." (1) This book unravels the tangled web of dynastic politics and rivalries in Yorkist England, seeking a context for the bizarre events of 1487. For Henry VII the problem was simple: if he failed to assert himself at the first opportunity he had to do so, then the probability was that Henry would fall from power. Henry enthusiastically "showed off his nineteen-month-old son, first dressed in cloth of gold and then stripped naked, so they could see he had no deformity." Simnel, one of the many pretenders to the throne of Henry VII, was put forward as Edward, earl of Warwick, nephew of Richard III. If you find this article useful, please feel free to share on websites like, The Marriage of Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon. (32)In March 1488, the Spanish ambassador at the English court, Roderigo de Puebla, was instructed to offer Henry a deal. Also available online - free - from The Online Library of Liberty. Her party included the Count and Countess de Cabra, a chamberlain, Juan de Diero, Catherine's chaplain, Alessandro Geraldini, three bishops and a host of ladies, gentlemen and servants. Backed by this force, the Irish became more confident and actually crowned Simnel king in Dublin in May 1487. By February 1487 Lambert Simnel had appeared in Ireland, claiming to be Edward, earl of Warwick, the young son of Edward IV's brother George, duke of Clarence. Earl Lincoln sailed from the Netherlands to Dublin, with some 2000 mercenaries supplied by Margaret. He told him of his startling looks, including his strong athletic limbs "of a gigantic size" was already beginning to arouse the admiration of the Royal Court. (29), Perkin Warbeck decided to take advantage on the Cornish rebellion by landing in Whitesand Bay on 7th September. vi. Henry VII : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Jasper Tudor : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Elizabeth of York : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Prince Arthur : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Lambert Simnel : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Perkin Warbeck : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Henry VIII : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Richard Empson : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Katherine of Aragon : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Omissions? Why were women hostile to Henry VIII's marriage to Anne Boleyn? Along with Richard Simon, a priest from Oxford, the Yorkists presented Lambert Simnel as this legitimate claimant, free and backed by an army. (Answer Commentary). And, should the young King Henry prove intractable, there were always more pliant contenders for the crown to be found. As David Loades points out: "The marriage of a ruler was the highest level of the matrimonial game, and carried the biggest stakes, but it was not the only level. It is claimed this raised 14,699. The Spanish ambassador, Roderigo de Puebla, standing proxy for the bride. 397) and fifteen (Bacon). The expedition was funded by the French and most of the troops were French mercenaries. Although out-numbered, Richard's superior position at the top of the hill enabled him to stop the rival forces breaking through at first. Dublin, 1865. Queen Elizabeth also suggested she accustom herself to drink wine, as the water in England was not drinkable. According to his biographer, Michael J. Bennett: "Simnel. It was allied to great patience and great industry. (13)if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'spartacus_educational_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_2',340,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-medrectangle-4-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'spartacus_educational_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_3',340,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-spartacus_educational_com-medrectangle-4-0_1');.medrectangle-4-multi-340{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:50px;padding:0;text-align:center!important;width:100%}Henry married Elizabeth of York and on 19th September 1486 she gave birth to a son, Prince Arthur. He was also described as having an "unhealthy" skin colour. According to Polydore Vergil Henry VII spared Lambert Simnel, and put him to service, first in the scullery, and later as a falconer. This was a good deal for Henry. The proposed treaty included the agreement that Henry's eldest son, Arthur, should marry Catherine of Aragon in return for an undertaking by Henry to declare war on France. (19) Polydore Vergil described him as as "a comely youth, and well favoured, not without some extraordinary dignity and grace of aspect". Fifty thousand people lived in the capital city, London. With a loyal squadron of his household, he swept through to Henry's immediate bodyguard, striking down his standard-bearer. The threats facing Henry VII are then analysed by looking at the Tudor family tree, and understanding who the claimants pretended to be. ", Henry VII: A Wise or Wicked Ruler? Henrys own questionable legitimacy to the throne (claimed through his mother, who aside from anything else was still alive at the time) encouraged dissent and rebellion in his early years as king. In 1486, the rumour that the princes in the Tower, Edwards children, were still alive, suggested that Simnel might be passed off as one of them. (23) Jasper Ridley claims that this shows that "Henry VII was not a vindictive man, and his style of government was quiet and efficient, never using more cruelty or deceit than was necessary. (18), In February 1487 Lambert Simnel appeared in Dublin and claimed to be Edward, earl of Warwick, son and heir of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, the brother of Edward IV, and the last surviving male of the House of York. (10). Henry's army, probably twice the size of Pole's, headed north from London. (55), Empson's biographer, Margaret Condon, has pointed out: "As chancellor, Empson continued Bray's efforts to increase revenue, authorizing the raising of rents or disallowance of rebates, and directing surveys and audits, enclosures of commons, and investigations of feudal incidents. The mask he wore was to some extent deliberately inhuman. King Richard received many mortal wounds and like a spirited and most courageous prince, fell in battle on the field and not in flight. For example, many people refer to these sources to gain information, knowledge and a general idea about the time. A year later, the false report of the death in the Tower of another young Yorkist, Edward, earl of Warwick, changed the impersonation. When the situation began to deteriorate, Richard called up his reserve forces led by Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. (28)Henry VII sent a force of archers and cavalry round the back of the rebels. Richard, because he expected victory, received Henry with great courage Henry's army were now almost out of hope of victory, when William Stanley with three thousand men came to the rescue Richard's army fled, and King Richard alone was killed fighting manfully in the thickest press of his enemies. Henry could not complain as Arthur, now aged fifteen, was very small and undeveloped and was "half a head shorter" than Catherine. (6) Jasper Ridley claims that this shows that "Henry VII was not a vindictive man, and his style of government was quiet and efficient, never using more cruelty or deceit than was necessary. Historic Mysteries provides captivating articles on archaeology, history, and unexplained mysteries. The English also still controlled the port of Calais in northern France. On the death of Edward IV in 1483, his young sons, Edward and Richard, were usurped by their uncle, Richard, Duke of Gloucester. Initially he was put into the care of women and his nursery at Farnham. Prince Arthur died on Saturday, 2nd April, 1502. The real Earl was a similar age to the young boy and the political machinations of the time had seen him imprisoned in the Tower of London, the formidable Norman castle which for centuries had held political and aristocratic prisoners.. Simnel, according to one account, was incarcerated in the Tower of London; according to another, Henry employed him as a turnspit in the royal kitchen, and afterwards made him master of the falcons. Top Image: Henrys first years on the throne were beset by rebellion. The so called Princes in the Tower disappeared mysteriously and Richard claimed the throne, becoming Richard III. Over half of Lincolns force was killed. His wife became a handmaid to Henrys queen. His real name is not knowncontemporary records call him John, not Lambert, and even his surname is suspect. "Nation Confronts the Great Depression." In Social Fabric, edited by Thomas L. Hartshorne, 10th ed., II: American Life from the Civil War to the Present:189-99. (27), Henry VII decided he would need to impose a new tax to pay the cost of raising an army. (47). The battle of Stoke was a sharp and brutal encounter." They were accused of acting illegally when they extorted large sums of money from wealthy landowners under the recognisance system, and of not only obtaining this money for the King, but of enriching themselves in the process." He sailed to Ireland with over 1,500 German mercenaries. Henry VIII: Catherine of Aragon or Anne Boleyn? He proclaimed himself Richard III and imprisoned the Princes in the Tower, where, almost certainly, he had them murdered. Fraser goes on to argue that the Tudors believed that bearing children too young might damage their chances of having further children. The only part of France still held by the English was the Marches of Calais, a strip of territory around the town of Calais. Apps and interactive web activities help young people learn about civic engagement through Library of Congress primary sources. In the meantime Henry allowed Catherine 100 a month, and appointed one of his own surveyors to oversee the management of it. Richard refused, claiming that he could still obtain victory by killing Henry Tudor in personal combat. But this last throw of the dice amounted to nothing, and this time, Warbeck was captured, surrendering in panic at the approach of royal forces. On 21 August 1485, King Richard's army positioned themselves on Ambien Hill, close to the small village of Bosworth in Leicestershire. If you find this article useful, please feel free to share on websites like Reddit. Call Number: E173 .A747 2008. While there was even the slightest doubt that these two boys were dead those who supported the Yorkists always had a chance of rallying around someone to challenge Henry VII. Kildare was willing to support the story and invade England to overthrow King Henry. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). A parliament was convened, coins were struck, and proclamations issued in his name, and an expedition was organized for the invasion of England, which landed on the coast of Lancashire, 4th June 1487, and advanced into Yorkshire. (30). It is claimed this raised 14,699. [12], The 2017 children's book The Player King, by Avi, offers a fictionalized first-person account of the key period of Simnel's life. The siring of progeny was the essential next step in these royal marriages, so endlessly negotiated." Two alternative claimants appeared to the throne. On 27th March 1502, Arthur fell seriously ill. Based on the description of symptoms by his servants, he appeared to have been suffering from a bronchial or pulmonary condition, such as pneumonia, tuberculosis or some virulent form of influenza. Thanks to existing plans to invade Ireland he was able to react speedily to the invasion and had begun mustering troops as early as February. Instead, Lord Stanley went to the north of the battlefield and Sir William to the south. There was no serious evidence of treason against either, although their blood made them a potential cause of treason in others. He was lodged in the Castle, every deference was paid to him, and messengers were despatched to the friends of the House of York in England, and to the Dowager Duchess of Burgundy, his supposed aunt. Most actions or grants of grace resulted in fines to the king, in amounts and by methods which led Polydore Vergil and others to characterize both Empson and Dudley as extortioners." (23) Jasper Ridley claims that this shows that "Henry VII was not a vindictive man, and his style of government was quiet and efficient, never using more cruelty or deceit than was necessary. Henry would have been concerned by her size. The American Nation : Primary Sources. Roderigo de Puebla told Ferdinand: "There is no finer youth in the world than the Prince of Wales". When he captured Lambert Simnel, the young tradesman's son who led the first revolt against him and was crowned King of England in Dublin, he did not put him to death, but employed him as a servant in his household. Perkin Warbeck claimed himself as the direct heir of King Edward IV. Source: Tony Marturano / Adobe Stock. The real Earl was a similar age to the young boy and the political machinations of the time had seen him imprisoned in the Tower of London, the formidable Norman castle which for centuries had held political and aristocratic prisoners. In 1487, his claim to be Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, threatened the newly established reign of Henry VII (1485-1509). Backed by several thousand Irish troops in addition to Margaret's mercenaries, Simnel and his patrons landed at Foulney Island on the Cumbrian coast on 4 June and marched across northern Lancashire, over the Pennines and rapidly southwards, gathering support from Ricardian die-hards. Revisiting Anne Boleyns Guilt, https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/tudor-england/the-lambert-simnel-rebellion/, https://www.historytoday.com/archive/execution-perkin-warbeck. Later he became a falconer for the king, and never showed the slightest inclination to rebel again. Symonds took Simnel to Ireland as it had been a centre of Yorkist support. After he was seen wearing silk clothes, some Cork citizens honored him as a member of the Royal House of York. He then proceeded to fine all those involved in the rebellion. He also received support from the sister of Edward IV, his supposed aunt. Elizabeth of York was placed in the London household of his mother, Margaret Beaufort. [5] This did not prevent the rebellion, likely because insufficient infrastructure and methods of transport meant news spread slowly. However, this ended in failure when he was given sanctuary by a group of Breton noblemen in Brittany. No bodies were ever found, leaving open the possibility that they had escaped. Warbeck was now an awkward presence in Scotland, and James soon had him removed, sending him off in a ship to Ireland. The people of Cornwall objected to paying taxes for war against Scotland and began a march on London. (37)Catherine and Prince Arthur wrote several letters to each other. (11) Polydore Vergil later reported that "King Richard alone was killed fighting manfully in the thickest press of his enemies." There he gathered an army of Irish troops and 2,000 Flemish mercenaries to support his claim. A Study in Catholic Propaganda. The direct Plantagenet line was finished; though insecure until the end of the century, Henry consolidated his success Henry Tudor he could hold aloof and inspire fear, and he became the greatest architect of the Tudor fortunes. The man faltered at first, and then plainly confessed he could not tell where. (48) Antonia Fraser, believes that as Catherine was also ill at the same time, the both might have had sweating sickness.Prince Arthur died on Saturday, 2nd April, 1502. The Lambert Simnel Rebellion. Forced to flee, Warbeck was welcomed by James IV of Scotland. Did Anne Boleyn have six fingers on her right hand? According to his biographer, Michael J. Bennett: "Simnel. England was full of powerful nobles, kingmakers and feudal lords who looked to influence the throne wherever possible. Instead, Lord Stanley went to the north of the battlefield and Sir William to the south. Simnel Rebellion 1932 Election 1988 Presidential Election American Photography Anaconda Plan Anti-Immigration Policies Anti-Imperialist League Anti-War Movement Antietam Art Deco Architecture Assassination of JFK Bacon's Rebellion Baltimore Riot 1861 Battle of Fredericksburg Battle of Gettysburg Battle of Little Bighorn Battle of Shiloh Warbeck managed to escape but he was soon recaptured and on 18th June, 1499, he was sent to the Tower of London for life. (20), It is believed that John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, nephew of the Yorkist kings, was the leader of the conspiracy. At this moment his horse died under him. On 4th June 1487, Lambert Simnel or King Edward VI arrived on the Lancashire shore with around 2000 mercenaries provided by Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy (1446-1503). However, Northumberland, convinced that Richard was going to lose, ignored the order. Henry VIII: Catherine of Aragon or Anne Boleyn? Updates? This led to the decision to claim that he was the younger son of King Edward IV. Lambert Simnel (circa 1477 - circa 1534) was a child pretender to the throne of England.Together with Perkin Warbeck, he was one of two impostors who threatened the rule of Henry VII of England (reigned 1485 - 1509) during the last decade of the 15th century.. Lambert Simnel was born in about 1477.Different sources have different claims of his parentage from a baker and tradesman to organ . Let it be hastened, that the love conceived between us and the wished-for joys may reap their proper fruit." It is estimated that Henry VII had three million subjects. Henry had survived the first major rebellion against his throne. (38)Catherine left the port of Corunna on 20th July 1501. Simnel, one of the many pretenders to the throne of Henry VII, was put forward as Edward, earl of Warwick, nephew of Richard III, escaped from the Tower. Whether she truly believed him as her nephew or considered him an imposter is unclear, but she publicly supported his cause. was born probably in Oxford, the son of Thomas Simnel, a carpenter, organ maker, or cobbler. (59)Catherine was allocated Durham House in London. Henry would have been concerned by her size. (18)In February 1487 Lambert Simnel appeared in Dublin and claimed to be Edward, earl of Warwick, son and heir of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, the brother of Edward IV, and the last surviving male of the House of York. Swearing to marry Edward IV's eldest daughter, Elizabeth, Henry set sail for England in the summer of 1485. Corrections? Richards faction, the Yorkists, remained undefeated in spirit and were plotting Henrys overthrow. We now know the two pretenders were named Perkin Warbeck and Lambert Simnel, but at the time there was some uncertainty as to who had the better claim. [2], Simon noticed a striking resemblance between Lambert and the sons of Edward IV, so he initially intended to present Simnel as Richard, Duke of York, son of King Edward IV, the younger of the vanished Princes in the Tower. In 1487 King Ferdinand agreed to send ambassadors to England to discuss political and economic relations. [13], This article is about the English person. To comprehend how it came about that Lambert Simnel, the ten-year-old son of an Oxford joiner, could come to be crowned King Edward VI in Christchurch, Dublin, on 24 May 1487, supported by many Irish lords, including Gerald, eighth earl of Kildare (the 'uncrowned' king of Ireland . As David Loades points out: "The marriage of a ruler was the highest level of the matrimonial game, and carried the biggest stakes, but it was not the only level. Henry's army, probably twice the size of Pole's, headed north from London. "He presented to the world a genial, smiling countenance, yet beneath it he was suspicious, devious and parsimonious. Of noble appearance and demeanour, he acted his part to perfection. Fraser goes on to argue that the Tudors believed that bearing children too young might damage their chances of having further children. "Exactly what part he played in the conspiracy, and in its betrayal to the king on 3 August, is hard to establish, but Henry and his council resolved to punish all the principal participants." However, they were not happy about sending their daughter to a country whose king might be deposed at any time. For Henry VII the problem was simple: if he failed to assert himself at the first opportunity he had to do so, then the probability was that Henry would fall from power. English impostor, was probably the son of a tradesman at Oxford. Henrys army met the first invasion force in 1495, crushing the attack before Warbeck had even made it to dry land. 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