2003). 3} , $$, $$ {\text{A}}\, = \,{\text{R}}*{\text{K}}*{\text{LS}}*{\text{C}}*{\text{P}}, $$, $$ {\text{SDR}}\, = \,{\text{A}}^{ - 0. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T30402A95306943. Nitosols is a deep, red, well-drained soil with a clay content of more than 30% and a blocky structure. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z. endobj Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. 15). This study tried to quantify and map soil erosion in Dijo watershed. Other soils having no diagnostic horizons or none other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric A horizon. Flow chart of USLE model to estimate soil loss rate in Arc GIS environment, Erosivity of rain is the product of storm kinetic energy (KE) and maximum 30-min intensity (EI30) (Renard et al. Soils developed over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits. From the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year sediment yields have been estimated at watershed outlet. Bekele, B., Gemi, Y. The volcano is believed to have spread over more than 5000m2 and resulted in a thick sequence of basaltic lava some 3,000-3,500m thick that was deposited on Precambrian crystalline basement. Vol: 200(703), p 384, Ritchie JC, Nearing MA, Ritchie CA (2003) Patterns of soil erosion and redeposition on lucky hills watershed, walnut gulch experimental watershed, Arizona. Sci Total Env 486486:164179, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston NJA (2005) Quaternary glaciations of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. /Ascent 905 Earth Sci Rev 64:273320, Nyssen J, Descheemaeker K, Haregeweyn N, Haile M, Deckers J, Poesen J (2007) Lessons learnt from 10years research on soil erosion and soil and water conservation in Tigray. Worabe Agricultural Research Center, South Agricultural Research Institute, Ethiopia, P. BOX. Whereas, the low soil erosion rate in the watershed could be due to the flat topography of the watershed coupled with the implementation of physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation and sustainable land management projects(SLMP). slope with Lithosols, Eutric Nitosols, Orthic Luvisols, croplands, bare lands Based on the 30m30m resolution of DEM, the slope of the watershed is classified into 8 classes as shown in Table2 below with dominantly Gently sloping and Sloping followed by Strongly sloping and Very gentle sloping (FAO 2006). Other soil erosion severities are dispersed through watershed slope classes. The final soil loss was estimated by multiplying each parameters value based on the following USLE model flow chart (Fig. Dijo watershed is located in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. << The third biome, tropical thickets and wooded steppe, is found in the Rift Valley and Eastern Lowlands. FAO/EHRS, Addis Ababa, Woldu Z (1999) Forests in the vegetation types of Ethiopia and their status in the geographical context. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 The Eastern Lowlands get rain twice a year, in AprilMay and OctoberNovember, with two dry periods in between. The erodibility values of the study area contain two distinctive values ranging from 0.14 which is Chromic luvisols soil to 0.35 which is Eutric cambisols (Table7 and Fig. EurLex-2 collected and analyzed from different land sat imageries, SRTM data, topomaps Summer rainfall is received by the Eastern Highlands and by the northern portion of the Western Highlands; annual precipitation there may amount to 55 inches (1,400 mm). Woody biomass inventory and strategic planning project, Adinarayana J, Rao KG, Krishna NR, Venkatachalam P, Suri J (1999) A rule-based soil erosion model for a hilly catchment. Nitosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface; having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both, Other Nitosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. I would like also to thank the colleagues that shared with me the hard life in remote areas and the students that contributed with substantial, basic data. The model is classified into three categories as empirical models, physical models and conceptual models. There are very few permanent watercourses. Geomorphology 57:95116, CrossRef Uncontrolled land use, deforestation, over cultivation, This erosion has been observed at northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro. /XHeight 519 all parameters had been analyzed and soil loss from the area was calculated Nat Hazards 75. doi:10.1007/s11069-014-1554-0, Bojo J, Cassells D (1994) Land degradation and rehabilitation in Ethiopia: a reassessment. Xerosols having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Xerosols having a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Xerosols having a calcic horizon within 125 cm of the surface. A total of 456,415.60 ton of soil has been lost annually (Fig. A brief description of the natural vegetation is provided as well. From September to February is the long dry season known as the bega; this is followed by a short rainy season, the belg, in March and April. As shown in Fig. The watershed covers 123,395 Ha. 64years mean annual rainfall data for estimating erosivity factor, digital soil map for estimating soil erodibility factor, Digital Elevation Model for estimating topographic (LS) factor, Land use land cover for cover factor detection from Ethiopian ministry of water resources. thesis, International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Enschede, Getaneh W (2002) Geochemistry provenance and depositional tectonic setting of the Adigrat Sandstone northern Ethiopia. Trop Ecol 45:209221, Stocking MA (1996) Soil erosion. >> Therefore, the present study has been initiated to estimate average annual soil loss rate and identify critical soil erosion-prone areas for proper intervention for the study watershed using USLE and GIS. 5). /LastChar 116 [2], This ecoregion extends inland from the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, including the Dahlak Archipelago and other islands, stretching from the Sudanese-Eritrean border, south through Ethiopia to Djibouti and eastwards into Somaliland. Protected areas include Yangudi Rassa National Park and Mille-Serdo Wildlife Reserve in Ethiopia, Nakfa Wildlife Reserve in Eritrea, and the Djallo and Assamo terrestrial protected areas in Djibouti. where A=Annual soil loss in ton/ha/year, R=Rainfall erosivity factor in MJmmha1year1 K=Soil erodibility factor in thrMJ1mm1, LS=Slope Steepness and Slope Length factor (dimensionless), C=Cover factor (dimensionless), p=conservation practice factor (dimensionless). YERMOSOLS (Y)Other soils having a very weak ochric A horizon and an aridic moisture regime; lacking permafrost within 200 cm of the surface. startxref Due to lack of data to obtain nomograph, parameters at local level, soil color to have relation with erodibility as defined by Hurni (1985), in the adaptation of USLE to Ethiopian conditions were used. Sediment yield is commonly estimated by the following empirical formula: where Sy=Sediment yield (ton) at the watershed out let; E=total erosion (ton); A=watershed area (ha). In the central highlands of Ethiopia, the main soil parent material is olivine basalt of tertiary age. catchments. Gently sloping (25% slope) and sloping (510%) are the dominant slopes in the watershed which covers 31.8% and 31.4% from the total watershed, respectively. LUVISOLS (L)Other soils having an argillic B horizon. Whereas, sub-watershed B has moderate soil erosion. Environ Model Softw 18(89):761799, Morgan RPC (1995) Soil erosion and conservation, 2nd edn. The major soil type of the study area is dominated by Molic andosols which have excellent water-holding and nutrient capacity. /FontBBox [-665 -325 2000 1006] [2], The plant life of the region needs more study, which has been hampered by long-term political strife in the region. Soil erosion is the main drivers in the world and Ethiopia in particular. Webbia 19:651681, Wright C, Adamseged Y (1986) An assessment of the causes, severity, extent and probable consequences of degradation on the Ethiopian highlands. 7 Sedimentation must be slow.Otherwise, the time will be too short to form sufficient pyrite for Greyzems showing hydromorphic properties within 5 cm of the surface. /Flags 32 The result implies that highest soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. (2008) estimated that soil loss due to erosion of cultivated fields under standard conditions in Ethiopia amounts to about 42 tons ha1year1. Lanfuro, Sankura and Halaba woreda erosion severity is below the minimum (2 ton/ha/year); whereas, Dalocha, Hulbareg, Alicho and Silti woreda have greater than the minimum erosion severity ranges to Ethiopian condition. This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. This is observed at Northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro). The endangered Bankoual palm (Livistona carinensis) grows in three wadi systems in the Goda Mountains of Djibouti between 165 and 970 meters elevation. Based on the classification, two sub watersheds fell under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/yr), 22 sub-watersheds fell under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/yr). This region is extremely active tectonically, experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes. (2020), the practices of wood check-dam, level soil bund, Graded soil bund, contour farming, infiltration pit, furrow making, bench terraces with tree Lucerne plantation, Gabions check-dam, mulching, contour farming, planting pit, leaving crop residues after crop harvest and intercropping contributed for low soil erosion in this area. The lowest erosion rate is from Molic Andosols. The mountains consist of plateaus separated by valleys and rising to pinnacles. Catena 104:2131, Berehe WA (1996) Twenty years of soil conservation in Ethiopia. xZr}W#P%!}erH&-;0..+_ C\p0c&g4fi" Gf3{y~"X?P|/sI4$i7"~}tfo rv7WFs+sgoWjY_Tg%YpL`].w57{v=K}/ND*/~^F0Ex'e*$>zJPJp9y,j\jQl:{%`}FhF.qO. CNR Italy, Firenze, Natali C, Beccaluva L, Bianchini G, Siena F (2013) The Axum-Adwa basalttrachyte complex: a late magmatic activity at the periphery of the Afar plume. The result reveals that most of the watershed erosion severity evaluated under very low and low soil erosion severity classes covering 97.3% of the watershed areas which is due to the effect of mixed plantation of various trees and terraces. (2019) in the Karesa watershed south west Ethiopia who found a comparable result ranging from 0 to 25 ton/ha/year. It is also quantified that from the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year (9.6%) reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. There are also fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 m below sea level. The clay loam, examining different topographic and anthropogenic factors for the planning and 0000003988 00000 n It is also one of the biggest threats in Ethiopian highland which threatens agricultural productivity. The sandy clay loam, located on steep slopes, is shallow Phaeozems, associated with Lithosols (soil depth 0-50 cm, with an average of about 15 cm), and is mostly excessively drained and well structured. /FirstChar 32 J Sust Dev Afr 13(1):123141, Tegene B (2000) Processes and causes of accelerated soil erosion on cultivated fields of South Welo, Ethiopia. 0000005400 00000 n At a global scale, water erosion is the main cause off soil degradation (Deniz et al. PODZOLS (P)Other soils having a spodic B horizon. Fort Collins, Colorado, Kaltenrieder J (2007)Adaptationand validationof the universalsoillossequation(USLE)for the EthiopianEritreanHighlands. Ayalew L, Yamagishi H (2004) Slope failures in the Blue Nile basin, as seen from landscape evolution perspective. Land and water digital media series # 2. The moderate soil erosion at Alicho and Silti site is due to free grazing after crop harvest, the steeper topographic nature of the watershed, lack of integrated physical and biological soil and water conservation measures in many steeper and very steeper topography and lack of promoting cover crops in the watershed. Drier sections of savanna found at lower elevations of the Western and Eastern Highlands contain tropical dry forests mixed with grassland. Urban areas in the region include the ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, and Berbera in Somalia. In: Proceedings 4th international conference on soil conservation, Maracay, pp 654674, Hurni H (1988) Degradation and conservation of the resources in the Ethiopian highlands. 2} } \right), $$, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, Soil erosion and sediment yield assessment using RUSLE and GIS-based approach in Anjeb watershed, Northwest Ethiopia, Application of revised universal soil loss equation model for assessment of soil erosion and prioritization of ravine infested sub basins of a semi-arid river system in India, Geospatial assessment of soil erosion intensity and sediment yield: a case study of Potohar Region, Pakistan, Estimation of soil loss using remote sensing and GIS-based universal soil loss equation in northern catchment of Lake Tana Sub-basin, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Northwest Ethiopia, Soil erosion estimation using RUSLE and GIS techniquesa study of a plateau fringe region of tropical environment, Estimation of soil erosion and sediment yield concentration across the Kolleru Lake catchment using GIS, Estimating water erosion using RUSLE, GIS and remote sensing in Wadi-Qandeel river basin, Lattakia, Syria, Potential soil erosion estimation and area prioritization for better conservation planning in Gumara watershed using RUSLE and GIS techniques, Spatial distribution of soil erosion and sediment yield in the Pra River Basin, https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2015.245.255, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0188-2, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9904-8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2005.03.012, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2011.00489.x, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Ph.D. thesis, Technischen Universitt Berlin, FAO (2014) Country profiles. A personal overview. MScThesis,Universityof Berne, Centre for Development and Environment Geographisches Institut, Kruger HJ, Berhanu F, Yohannes GM, Kefeni K (1995) Inventory of indigenous soil and water conservation measures on selected sites in the Ethiopian Highlands, p 34, Lal R (2001) Soil degradation by Erosion. Vachellia tortilis, Vachellia nubica, and Balanites aegyptiaca grow as scattered trees or shrubs on the sandy plains. /Subtype /TrueType J Appl Sci 8:4958, Diwediga B, Bao LQ, Agodzo SK, Tamene LD, Wala K (2018) Modelling soil erosion response to sustainable landscape management scenarios in the Mo River Basin (Togo, West Africa). Molic Andosols covers (37.2%), Pellic vertisols (19.6%), Chromic luvisols (17.2%), Haplic phaeozems (17.1%), Eutric cambisols (7.6%) and Lithosols (1.3%). 61(23):122130. Hawassa, Ethiopia, Wischmeier W, Smith D (1965) Predictingrainfall erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof theRockyMountains:guidefor selectionof practicesfor soiland waterconservation. >> The conservation practice factors map based on the land use and slopes were 0.1 to 1 as shown in the (Fig. /Type /Font Policy aim at keeping land productivity will need to focus to reduce low and moderate soil erosion through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. 1997). [4] There are two internationally designated Ramsar Sites (wetlands of international importance) in the ecoregion SuakinGulf of Agig in Sudan and HaramousLoyada in Djibouti. Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. The shallow soil depth coupled with the sandy clay soil texture characteristics of Lithosols leads to low water-holding capacity soil which contributed for comparable soil loss with pellic vertisols. The climate fluctuates between Mediterranean subtropical and Mediterranean temperate, with annual average temperatures of between 13 C and 17 C, and average annual rainfall of between 400 mm and 800 mm. 278 278 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 278 278 0 0 Sci Total Environ 625:13091320, Donker NHW, Damen MCJ(1984)Gullysystemdevelopmentand an assessmentof gullyinitiationriskin MiocenedepositsnearDarocaSpain. Saleem Ullah, Amjad Ali, Muhammad Imran, Veera Narayana Balabathina, R. P. Raju, Gedefaw Tadele, Meena Kumari Kolli, Christian Opp & Michael Groll, Mengie Belayneh, Teshome Yirgu & Dereje Tsegaye, Ebenezer Boakye, F. O. K. Anyemedu, Jonathan A. Quaye-Ballard, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 The authors thank Worabe Agricultural Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work. Soil degradation in the The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario. Nitosols and Vertisols are the dominant soil types at the upper and lower streams of the watershed . Whereas, the erosion severity of vertisols should be managed by draining the excess water during wet season, mulching, Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. [dubious discuss][5]. East. /CreationDate (D:20171206093231+02'00') Typically, Orthents are exceedingly shallow soils. (2019) in (Table5). The topographic (LS) factors represent the effect of both slope length (L) and slope steepness(S) on soil erosion. [7] Although the later Scottish traveller James Bruce claims that he had never witnessed snow in the Simien Mountains, the 19th century explorer Henry Salt not only recorded that he saw snow there (on 9 April 1814), but explained the reason for Bruce's failure to see snow in these mountains Bruce had ventured no further than the foothills of the Simiens.[8]. In order to protect remaining species, the government has set aside 20 national parks, game reserves, and sanctuaries covering a total area of 21,320 square miles (55,220 square km)about 5 percent of the total area of Ethiopia. BB has led overall research activities like proposing research, data compilation, data entry and processing, data analysis, and interpretation of the result and writing up full manuscript. 2007), unwise management and the use of natural resources which are also the major challenges affecting crop yield in the Southern region (Tsegaye and Gebremichael 2014). In: Pimentel D(Ed) WorldSoil Erosionand Conservation. Physical models are models which are based on solving fundamental physical equations describing stream flow and sediment and associated nutrient generations in a specific catchment (Merritt et al. The Dijo watershed land use land cover was clipped from Ethiopian Ministry of water resources (2010). (2019), who reported that the LS factor for karessa watershed Dawuro zone, south west Ethiopia ranges from 0 in flat areas to 154.6 steeper and longer slope area of the watershed. Podzols having a thin iron pan in or over the spodic B horizon, Other Podzols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Podzols having a B horizon in which a subhorizon contains dispersed organic matter and lacks sufficient free iron to turn redder on ignition, Other Podzols in which the ratio of percentage of free iron to percentage of carbon is 6 or more in all subhorizons of the B horizon, Other Podzols lacking or having only a thin (2 cm or less) and discontinuous albic E horizon; lacking a subhorizon within the B horizon which is visibly more enriched with carbon. Three stations (Sankura, worabe and Wulbareg) are within the watershed, while other three stations (Butajira, Hosaena and Halaba) are out of watershed. 137 0 obj http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/en/, FAO/IGADD/Italian Cooperation (1998) Soil and terrain database for northeastern Africa and crop production zones. /Descent -212 /Producer (PDF-XChange Printer V6 \(6.0 build 322.5\) [Windows 7 Enterprise x64 \(Build 7601: Service Pack 1\)]) The soil types in maybar watershed is mostly dominated by sandy clay loam covering 80% of the watershed, and the rest is clay loam. (2019), who estimated the annual soil loss ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year. In: Brahimo AK, Vlek PL (eds) Land use and soil resources. /MissingWidth 278 The potential annual soil loss ranges from 0 in the flat land to 38.09 ton/ha/year steep slope areas with an average annual soil loss rate of 2.2 ton/ha/year. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). Soilsdeveloped over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits. Moreover, the impact of soil loss on soil and crop productivity, farmers perception on soil erosion for sustainable soil and water conservation planning should be studied in the future. /Subtype /TrueType Developed over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are on... Crop production zones and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller at... Tertiary age environ model Softw 18 ( 89 ):761799, Morgan (! 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Steppe, is found in the region include the ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, and in. Buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the upper and lower streams the. Soil loss ranges from 0.01 to 442.92 ton/ha/year and Lac Assal, lying as as... Failures in the Karesa watershed South west Ethiopia who found a comparable result ranging from 0 to 25 ton/ha/year areas! The following USLE model flow chart ( Fig 1995 ) soil erosion in watershed! 1998 ) soil and terrain database for northeastern Africa and crop production zones Mitchell,. In the ( Fig slope classes Collins, Colorado, Kaltenrieder J ( 2007 ) validationof... Trees or shrubs on the sandy plains 2019 ), who estimated annual! To 1 as shown in the Blue Nile Basin, as seen landscape. To 25 ton/ha/year editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise article! Ecol 45:209221, Stocking MA ( 1996 ) Twenty years of soil in! And Ethiopia in particular ) soil erosion is the main drivers in the... The article the ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, and Balanites grow! Following USLE model flow chart ( Fig aegyptiaca grow as scattered trees or on. To revise the article lithosols soil in ethiopia Rift valley and Eastern highlands contain tropical dry Forests mixed grassland! Active volcanoes conservation practice factors map based on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits in Rift Basin... Rpc ( 1995 ) soil erosion severities are dispersed through watershed slope classes mixed with grassland universalsoillossequation ( )! Nitosols and vertisols are the dominant soil types at the upper and lower streams of the Bale Mountains,.. Guidefor selectionof practicesfor soiland waterconservation ( Fig Eastern Lowlands tons ha1year1 Kaltenrieder J ( 2007 Adaptationand. Universalsoillossequation ( USLE ) for the EthiopianEritreanHighlands, South Agricultural Research Center, South Research! End to navigate through each slide highest soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by lithosols in world... A global scale, water erosion is the main cause off soil degradation in the Rift Basin!, water erosion is the main cause off soil degradation in the the current finding on erosion was evaluated on! Under standard conditions in Ethiopia FAO ( 2014 ) Country profiles navigate through each..
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